TOPIC 1: MEDICATION PREPARATION
MEDICATION Practitioners, whether private
• A substance administered for the diagnosis, institution/corporation are authorized to prescribe
treatment, cure, relief of a symptom, or for drug
prevention disease.
TYPES OF MEDICATION ACTION →The dependent and coordinated function of the
Therapeutic Effects - the desired effect Nurse pertains to the application and execution of
Side Effects- Secondary effect of the drug. written legal orders of physician concerning
Adverse Effects- a more severe side effects. treatment and medications.
Drug toxicity- harmful effects of the drug
Drug Allergy is an immunologic reaction to a drug. PHARMACOLOGICAL CONCEPTS
Toxic effects - develop after prolonged intake of a
medication or when a medication accumulates in Medication Names
the blood because of impaired metabolism or 1.Generic name- the official name listed in official
excretion. Ex. toxic levels of morphine causes publications such as the USP.
death. ex. Acetaminophen or paracetamol, amoxicillin.
EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS 2.Trade name, brand name, or proprietary name -
1. URTICARIA is the name given by the drug manufacturer and
2. RASHES identifies it as property of that company. ex.
3. PRURITUS Tylenol, Biogesic, Tempra
4. RHINITIS 3. Chemical name - exact description of its
THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS OF DRUGS composition and molecular structure. ex. N-acetyl-
1. Palliative - it relieves the symptoms of the para-aminophenol known as Tylenol / Biogesic
disease but does not treat the disease itself. Medication Forms
2. Curative-it cures the disease process itself. 1. Oral
3. Supportive-it maintains body function until 2. Capsule
treatment takes over. 3. Ointment/ Topical
4. Substitutive-it replaces body fluid or substances. 4. Syrup
5. Chemotherapeutic- it destroys malignant cells.
6.Restorative – it restores client’s health ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A MEDICATION ORDER
PRESCRIPTION
➔ Written direction for the preparation and 1. Full name of the client – kasama yung middle
administration of a drug. name just in case na may kaparehas na
RA. 5921 (pharmacy act) pangalan ang client
"All prescription must contain all the following 2. Date and time the order written – it should be
information” written, not verbalized, all of the must be
1.Name of the prescriber documented
2. Office address 3. Name of drug to be administered - if it is
3. PRC number generic or branded, if it’s generic, must put the
4. Professional tax receipt number brand name
5. Px/client's name 4. Dosage - It is the strength of the drug, amount
6. Age of the drug, frequency of the drug
7. Sex 5. Route of administration – how the drug given to
8. Gender patient if it’s oral or topical or capsule or syrup
9. Date of prescription 6. Signature of person writing the order – pag
RA 6675 requires that drug must be written in their walang signature ibig sabihin illegal. Hindi valid
generic name ang order.
-Only valid registered
-Medical
-Dental
-Veterinary
1|LOREN
, TYPES OF MEDICATION ORDERS
1. Stat order - Demerol 100mg IM stat (one time INTERPRETING DRUG ORDERS:
order) • When the doctor gives a written medication
2. Single Order - Seconal 100mg hs before order, the nurse must analyze the drug
surgery (before sugery lang hindi na kasama order before he carries out the order. One
pati after surgery) basic way to interpret the drug order for
3. Standing order - Demerol 100 mg IM q4h x 5 beginners like you is to translate the drug
days (kung kailan ang binigay ni doc order in a sentence form.
hanggang kailan niya iinumin
4. APRN order - Amphojel 15 mL prn (AS •For example:
NEEDED) * 1. “Tetracyline 250 mg 1 tab p.o. TID.
→ Tetracycline 250 mg 1 tab per orem thrice a day
COMMON MEDICAL ABBREVIATION RELATED TO 2. "Lanoxin 0.25 mg 1 tab OD"
MEDICATION THAT YOU NEED TO REMEMBER:
→ Lanoxin 0.25 mg 1 tab once a day
3. "Solucortef 80 mg IV q 8 hrs"
OD-once a day-the drug is given at 8 am or 9 am
→ Solucortef 80 mg to be given intravenous every
unless specified by the doctor
8 hrs
4. "Nifedipine 10 mg SL stat"
BID-twice a day- the drug is given at 8 am and 6
→ Nifedipine 10 mg to be given sublingual stat/
pm
ASAP
5."Ventolin inhal 1 neb q 4hrs prn for DOB"
TID-thrice a day- the drug is given at 8 am, 12 nn or
→ Ventolin inhal 1 nebule every 4 hrs as needed
1pm and 6 pm
for difficulty of breathing
QID-four times a day- the drug is given at 8am,
PRINCIPLES IN ADMINISTERING MEDICATIONS
12nn, 4pm and 8 pm
1. Observe the "10 RIGHTS" of a drug
PRN - whenever necessary, no specific time unless
Administration.
time interval is specified by the doctor
✓ Right medication
Q -every
✓ Right dose
✓ Right time
Q4 -every four hours. The drug is given at 4am-
✓ Right route
8am-12nn- 4pm-8pm-12mn.
✓ Right client
✓ Right client education
Q6 hrs -every 6 hours. The drug is given at 6 am-
✓ Right documentation
12nn-6pm-12mn.
✓ Right to refuse
✓ Right assessment
Q8 hrs -every 8 hours. The drug is given at 8am-
✓ Right evaluation
4pm-12mn.
2. PRACTICE ASEPSIS.
3. Nurses who administer medications are
*p.o. per orem or by mouth
responsible for their own actions. Question any
order you consider incorrect.
SL -sublingual- the medication is placed under the
4. Be knowledgeable about medications that you
tongue
administer.
5. Keep narcotics and barbiturates in locked place.
ID- intradermal
6. Use only medications that are in clearly labeled
containers.
*SC Subcutaneous
IM-Intramuscular
2|LOREN
, 7. RETURN LIQUID THAT ARE CLOUDY OR the nasal and oral passages or endotracheal or
HAVE CHANGED IN COLOR TO THE tracheostomy tubes.
PHARMACY.
Intraocular Route medication delivery involves
8. Before administering a medication, identify the inserting a medication similar to a contact lens into
client correctly. the patient's eye. It can be maintained for 1 wk.
9. Do not leave the medication at the bedside. TOPIC 2: PARENTAL ADMINISTRATION
PARENTERAL
10. If the client vomits after taking an oral • Administration of medication by needle.
medication, report this to the nurse in charge and or
physician. ✓ Intradermal - under the epidermis (into the
dermis)
11. Preoperative medications are usually ✓ Subcutaneous into the - subcutaneous
discontinued during the postoperative period unless tissue (also hypodermic)
ordered to be continued ✓ Intramuscular - into the muscle
✓ Intravenous - into a vein
12. When a medication is omitted for any reason,
record the fact together with the reason.
13. When a medication error in made, report it
immediately to the nurse in charge/ physician.
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
Oral Routes - the easiest and the most commonly
used route. Medications are given by mouth and
swallowed with fluid. Oral medications have a
slower onset of action and a more prolonged effect
than parenteral medications
Sublingual medication Drug is place under the
tongue where it dissolves
Buccal Administration Pertaining to the cheek,
held in the mouth against the mucus membrane of
the cheek until dissolve. Acts locally on the mucus LUER – LOK SYRINGE – note threaded tip
membrane systematically when swallowed in the
saliva.
Topical Route Medications generally have local
NON – LUER LOCK SYRINGE – note the smooth
effects. application to body surfaces such as the
graduated tip
skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a
large range of classes including creams, foams,
gels, lotions, and ointments
NEEDLES
Inhalation Route The deeper passages of the Characteristics
respiratory tract provide a large surface area for - Slant or length of Bevel
medication absorption: inhaled medications through - Length of the Shaft
- Gauge
3|LOREN
MEDICATION Practitioners, whether private
• A substance administered for the diagnosis, institution/corporation are authorized to prescribe
treatment, cure, relief of a symptom, or for drug
prevention disease.
TYPES OF MEDICATION ACTION →The dependent and coordinated function of the
Therapeutic Effects - the desired effect Nurse pertains to the application and execution of
Side Effects- Secondary effect of the drug. written legal orders of physician concerning
Adverse Effects- a more severe side effects. treatment and medications.
Drug toxicity- harmful effects of the drug
Drug Allergy is an immunologic reaction to a drug. PHARMACOLOGICAL CONCEPTS
Toxic effects - develop after prolonged intake of a
medication or when a medication accumulates in Medication Names
the blood because of impaired metabolism or 1.Generic name- the official name listed in official
excretion. Ex. toxic levels of morphine causes publications such as the USP.
death. ex. Acetaminophen or paracetamol, amoxicillin.
EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS 2.Trade name, brand name, or proprietary name -
1. URTICARIA is the name given by the drug manufacturer and
2. RASHES identifies it as property of that company. ex.
3. PRURITUS Tylenol, Biogesic, Tempra
4. RHINITIS 3. Chemical name - exact description of its
THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS OF DRUGS composition and molecular structure. ex. N-acetyl-
1. Palliative - it relieves the symptoms of the para-aminophenol known as Tylenol / Biogesic
disease but does not treat the disease itself. Medication Forms
2. Curative-it cures the disease process itself. 1. Oral
3. Supportive-it maintains body function until 2. Capsule
treatment takes over. 3. Ointment/ Topical
4. Substitutive-it replaces body fluid or substances. 4. Syrup
5. Chemotherapeutic- it destroys malignant cells.
6.Restorative – it restores client’s health ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A MEDICATION ORDER
PRESCRIPTION
➔ Written direction for the preparation and 1. Full name of the client – kasama yung middle
administration of a drug. name just in case na may kaparehas na
RA. 5921 (pharmacy act) pangalan ang client
"All prescription must contain all the following 2. Date and time the order written – it should be
information” written, not verbalized, all of the must be
1.Name of the prescriber documented
2. Office address 3. Name of drug to be administered - if it is
3. PRC number generic or branded, if it’s generic, must put the
4. Professional tax receipt number brand name
5. Px/client's name 4. Dosage - It is the strength of the drug, amount
6. Age of the drug, frequency of the drug
7. Sex 5. Route of administration – how the drug given to
8. Gender patient if it’s oral or topical or capsule or syrup
9. Date of prescription 6. Signature of person writing the order – pag
RA 6675 requires that drug must be written in their walang signature ibig sabihin illegal. Hindi valid
generic name ang order.
-Only valid registered
-Medical
-Dental
-Veterinary
1|LOREN
, TYPES OF MEDICATION ORDERS
1. Stat order - Demerol 100mg IM stat (one time INTERPRETING DRUG ORDERS:
order) • When the doctor gives a written medication
2. Single Order - Seconal 100mg hs before order, the nurse must analyze the drug
surgery (before sugery lang hindi na kasama order before he carries out the order. One
pati after surgery) basic way to interpret the drug order for
3. Standing order - Demerol 100 mg IM q4h x 5 beginners like you is to translate the drug
days (kung kailan ang binigay ni doc order in a sentence form.
hanggang kailan niya iinumin
4. APRN order - Amphojel 15 mL prn (AS •For example:
NEEDED) * 1. “Tetracyline 250 mg 1 tab p.o. TID.
→ Tetracycline 250 mg 1 tab per orem thrice a day
COMMON MEDICAL ABBREVIATION RELATED TO 2. "Lanoxin 0.25 mg 1 tab OD"
MEDICATION THAT YOU NEED TO REMEMBER:
→ Lanoxin 0.25 mg 1 tab once a day
3. "Solucortef 80 mg IV q 8 hrs"
OD-once a day-the drug is given at 8 am or 9 am
→ Solucortef 80 mg to be given intravenous every
unless specified by the doctor
8 hrs
4. "Nifedipine 10 mg SL stat"
BID-twice a day- the drug is given at 8 am and 6
→ Nifedipine 10 mg to be given sublingual stat/
pm
ASAP
5."Ventolin inhal 1 neb q 4hrs prn for DOB"
TID-thrice a day- the drug is given at 8 am, 12 nn or
→ Ventolin inhal 1 nebule every 4 hrs as needed
1pm and 6 pm
for difficulty of breathing
QID-four times a day- the drug is given at 8am,
PRINCIPLES IN ADMINISTERING MEDICATIONS
12nn, 4pm and 8 pm
1. Observe the "10 RIGHTS" of a drug
PRN - whenever necessary, no specific time unless
Administration.
time interval is specified by the doctor
✓ Right medication
Q -every
✓ Right dose
✓ Right time
Q4 -every four hours. The drug is given at 4am-
✓ Right route
8am-12nn- 4pm-8pm-12mn.
✓ Right client
✓ Right client education
Q6 hrs -every 6 hours. The drug is given at 6 am-
✓ Right documentation
12nn-6pm-12mn.
✓ Right to refuse
✓ Right assessment
Q8 hrs -every 8 hours. The drug is given at 8am-
✓ Right evaluation
4pm-12mn.
2. PRACTICE ASEPSIS.
3. Nurses who administer medications are
*p.o. per orem or by mouth
responsible for their own actions. Question any
order you consider incorrect.
SL -sublingual- the medication is placed under the
4. Be knowledgeable about medications that you
tongue
administer.
5. Keep narcotics and barbiturates in locked place.
ID- intradermal
6. Use only medications that are in clearly labeled
containers.
*SC Subcutaneous
IM-Intramuscular
2|LOREN
, 7. RETURN LIQUID THAT ARE CLOUDY OR the nasal and oral passages or endotracheal or
HAVE CHANGED IN COLOR TO THE tracheostomy tubes.
PHARMACY.
Intraocular Route medication delivery involves
8. Before administering a medication, identify the inserting a medication similar to a contact lens into
client correctly. the patient's eye. It can be maintained for 1 wk.
9. Do not leave the medication at the bedside. TOPIC 2: PARENTAL ADMINISTRATION
PARENTERAL
10. If the client vomits after taking an oral • Administration of medication by needle.
medication, report this to the nurse in charge and or
physician. ✓ Intradermal - under the epidermis (into the
dermis)
11. Preoperative medications are usually ✓ Subcutaneous into the - subcutaneous
discontinued during the postoperative period unless tissue (also hypodermic)
ordered to be continued ✓ Intramuscular - into the muscle
✓ Intravenous - into a vein
12. When a medication is omitted for any reason,
record the fact together with the reason.
13. When a medication error in made, report it
immediately to the nurse in charge/ physician.
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
Oral Routes - the easiest and the most commonly
used route. Medications are given by mouth and
swallowed with fluid. Oral medications have a
slower onset of action and a more prolonged effect
than parenteral medications
Sublingual medication Drug is place under the
tongue where it dissolves
Buccal Administration Pertaining to the cheek,
held in the mouth against the mucus membrane of
the cheek until dissolve. Acts locally on the mucus LUER – LOK SYRINGE – note threaded tip
membrane systematically when swallowed in the
saliva.
Topical Route Medications generally have local
NON – LUER LOCK SYRINGE – note the smooth
effects. application to body surfaces such as the
graduated tip
skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a
large range of classes including creams, foams,
gels, lotions, and ointments
NEEDLES
Inhalation Route The deeper passages of the Characteristics
respiratory tract provide a large surface area for - Slant or length of Bevel
medication absorption: inhaled medications through - Length of the Shaft
- Gauge
3|LOREN
