D684 - Introduction to Computer Science Questions with Verified Answers

analog data - ANSWERSdata represented in a continuous and variable form American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) - ANSWERSa standard encoding system for text characters that uses numeric values to represent letters, numbers, and symbols bandwidth - ANSWERSthe maximum rate of data transfer across a network or communication channel, usually measured in bits per second binary - ANSWERSa numerical system that uses only two digits, zero and one, to represent data in computing Boolean expression - ANSWERSa logical statement that can only be true or false and uses operators like AND, OR, and NOT character - ANSWERSa single letter, digit, or symbol used in writing text character set - ANSWERSa collection of characters that a computer can recognize and process, like ASCII or Unicode compression ratio - ANSWERSthe ratio of the original data size to the compressed data size, indicating how much the data has been reduced control structure - ANSWERSconstructs in programming that control the flow of execution, such as loops and conditional statements data - ANSWERSraw facts and figures that can be processed to produce meaningful information data compression - ANSWERSthe process of reducing the size of data to save space or transmission time data types - ANSWERScategories of data that define what kind of value can be stored, like integers, floats, and strings, and how it can be used declaration - ANSWERSa statement in programming that specifies the name and type of a variable or function without assigning a value digital data - ANSWERSdata represented using discrete binary values (zeroes and ones) floating point - ANSWERSa way to represent real numbers that can have fractional parts using a format that includes a base and an exponent Huffman encoding - ANSWERSa compression technique that uses variable-length codes for data representation based on frequency of occurrence information - ANSWERSdata that have been processed or organized in a meaningful way to be useful integer - ANSWERSa whole number keyword encoding - ANSWERSa method of data compression that replaces frequently occurring patterns with shorter codes lossless - ANSWERSa type of data compression where no information is lost and the original data can be perfectly reconstructed lossy - ANSWERSa type of data compression that reduces file size by permanently eliminating some information, which may affect quality numeric - ANSWERSany value that is a number overflow - ANSWERSa condition in which a calculation exceeds the maximum value that can be represented within a given number of bits pulse-code modulation (PCM) - ANSWERSa method used to digitally represent analog signals radix point - ANSWERSthe decimal point in a number system that indicates the separation between integer and fractional parts real - ANSWERSa data type representing numbers that can have fractional parts, often called floating-point numbers reclocking - ANSWERSthe process of refreshing the timing signals in digital data to ensure accuracy and synchronization run-length encoding - ANSWERSa simple compression technique that replaces sequences of repeated characters with a single character and a count scientific notation - ANSWERSa method of representing very large or very small numbers by using powers of 10 signed-magnitude representation - ANSWERSa way of encoding positive and negative numbers where one bit represents the sign and the remaining bits represent the magnitude string - ANSWERSa sequence of characters treated as a single data element and used for text manipulation strong typing - ANSWERSa feature in programming languages where each variable is explicitly declared to be of a specific type, reducing errors ten's complement - ANSWERSa mathematical method for representing negative numbers in a decimal system Unicode - ANSWERSa universal character set that includes characters from virtually all writing systems, allowing for consistent encoding and representation of text globally alphanumeric values - ANSWERScharacters that include both letters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9) assignment operator - ANSWERSa symbol used to assign a value to a variable, typically = assignment statement - ANSWERSa line of code that assigns a value to a variable, like x = 5 binary operator - ANSWERSan operator that takes two operands, such as +, -, *, and / camel casing - ANSWERSa naming convention where the first letter is lowercase and each subsequent word starts with an uppercase letter, like myVariableName garbage - ANSWERSunused or leftover data in memory that the program no longer needs or references Hungarian notation - ANSWERSa naming convention where the name of a variable starts with a prefix indicating its type, like strName for a string variable identifier - ANSWERSa name given to a variable, function, or other item in code to identify it initializing a variable - ANSWERSassigning an initial value to a variable when it is declared, like int x = 10 kebob case - ANSWERSa naming convention where words are all lowercase and separated by hyphens, like my-variable-name keyword (reserved word) - ANSWERSa reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and cannot be used as an identifier, like if, while, and class lvalue - ANSWERSan expression that refers to a memory location, which can appear on the left side of an assignment, like x in x = 5 mixed case with underscores - ANSWERSa naming convention that combines uppercase and lowercase letters with underscores between words, like My_Variable_Name numeric constant - ANSWERSa fixed number value written directly in the code, like 42 numeric variable - ANSWERSa variable that holds a number value operand - ANSWERSa value or variable on which an operator acts, like 3 and 5 in 3 + 5 Pascal casing - ANSWERSa naming convention in which each word in the name starts with an uppercase letter, like MyVariableName right-to-left associativity - ANSWERSthe order in which operations are performed in expressions where operators of the same precedence appear, processed from right to left snake casing - ANSWERSa naming convention in which words are all lowercase and separated by underscores, like my_variable_name string constant - ANSWERSa fixed sequence of characters written directly in the code, like "Hello, World!" string variable - ANSWERSa variable that holds a sequence of characters (a string) type safety - ANSWERSensuring a variable is only used in ways consistent with its data type, preventing type errors unnamed constant - ANSWERSa fixed value used directly in code without assigning it to a variable, also known as a magic number, like 3.14 for π variable - ANSWERSa named storage location in memory that can hold different values throughout a program abstract step - ANSWERSa high-level action in an algorithm that describes what needs to be done without detailing how to do it algorithm - ANSWERSa step-by-step set of instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem branch - ANSWERSa point in an algorithm where a decision is made, leading to different actions based on conditions (e.g., if-then statements) infinite loop - ANSWERSa loop that never ends because the termination condition is never met or is incorrectly written input - ANSWERSdata that are provided to a program for processing loop control variable - ANSWERSa variable that determines whether the loop will continue running or stop, often incremented or modified within the loop nested structure - ANSWERSa programming construct where one control structure (like a loop or a conditional statement) is placed inside another output - ANSWERSdata that are produced by a program and presented to the user or another system pretest loop - ANSWERSa loop that evaluates its condition before executing the body of the loop, such as a while loop pseudocode - ANSWERSA simplified, human-readable version of a program's code that outlines the logic without strict syntax rules repetition (iteration) - ANSWERSthe act of executing a set of instructions multiple times, typically using loops selection - ANSWERSa control structure that allows a program to choose between different actions based on conditions (similar to a branch) left-to-right associativity - ANSWERSthe rule that operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right in an expression magic number - ANSWERSa hard-coded number in a program that lacks context or explanation, making the code harder to understand and maintain named constant - ANSWERSa variable with a value that is set once and cannot be changed; it is used to give meaningful names to fixed values