AAMC FL 5 B/BC EXAM QUESTIONS
AAMC FL 5 B/BC EXAM QUESTIONS WITH GUARANTEED ACCURATE ANSWERS |
VERIFIED
Adaptive immunity - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ specific
Two types of adaptive immunity - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔
Humoral immunity- B cells regulating antibodies
Cell Mediated Immunity- T cells regulating
innate immunity - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ non-specific
phosphodiester linkage - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ covalent bonds
that join adjacent nucleotides between the -OH group of the 3' carbon of
one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' carbon of the next
,disulfide bonds - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 2 cysteine residues can
covalently bond to form disulfide bonds which hold together tertiary
structures if sufficient cysteine residues are available. Heat can disrupt
these bonds
Hydrogen bonds - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ hold base-pairing
nucleotides together, not nucleotides within a backbone.
Glycosidic linkages - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ bind carbohydrates
together
pI - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ pI is the pH at which the overall
charge is neutral - A matches this definition for NqrD, since equal
cationic and anionic functional groups would cancel out to 0 net charge.
At a pH greater than the pI, you can think of it as there being relatively
low proton concentrations in the environment, so the molecule is
deprotonated (more negative). Conversely, at a pH lower than the pI,
you can think of the environment as being relatively highly concentrated
in protons, so the molecule is more protonated (more positive).
Ionophores - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Ionophores are compounds
that bind to ions and facilitate their movements across membranes.
succinate dehydrogenase - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ succinate to
fumarate
FAD to FADH2
,Isoelectric focusing - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ separates proteins
based on their pIs. The technique uses an electric field and a pH gradient
which causes proteins to stop moving at a pH equal to their pI.
Southern blotting - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Southern blotting is a
technique to identify specific DNA fragments and does not require a pH
gradient.
Proteolysis - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ the breakdown of proteins or
peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes
involves the cleavage of peptide bonds and does not require a pH
gradient.
Keq>1 - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ means that products are favored
over reactants, since Keq = [Products]/[Reactants] at equilibrium. This is
associated with negative delta G, or exergonic reactions.
Pancreatic beta cells vs pancreatic alpha cells - ACCURATE
ANSWERS✔✔ Insulin is secreted in response to high blood glucose
levels by pancreatic beta cells. Conversely, glucagon is secreted in
response to low blood glucose levels from pancreatic alpha cells.
, amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain - ACCURATE
ANSWERS✔✔ Isoleucine
Endocrine signals - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ released into the blood
in order to impact tissues scattered throughout the body
type of chemical messengers that act locally - ACCURATE
ANSWERS✔✔ paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers act
locally.
type of chemical messengers that act on cells near the cell that secretes
the messenger - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Paracrine chemical
messengers
type of chemical messengers that act on the same cell that secretes the
messenger - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ autocrine chemical
messengers
Glycoprotein - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ any of a class of proteins
that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain.
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains
covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is
attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational
modification. This process is known as glycosylation.
AAMC FL 5 B/BC EXAM QUESTIONS WITH GUARANTEED ACCURATE ANSWERS |
VERIFIED
Adaptive immunity - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ specific
Two types of adaptive immunity - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔
Humoral immunity- B cells regulating antibodies
Cell Mediated Immunity- T cells regulating
innate immunity - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ non-specific
phosphodiester linkage - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ covalent bonds
that join adjacent nucleotides between the -OH group of the 3' carbon of
one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' carbon of the next
,disulfide bonds - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 2 cysteine residues can
covalently bond to form disulfide bonds which hold together tertiary
structures if sufficient cysteine residues are available. Heat can disrupt
these bonds
Hydrogen bonds - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ hold base-pairing
nucleotides together, not nucleotides within a backbone.
Glycosidic linkages - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ bind carbohydrates
together
pI - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ pI is the pH at which the overall
charge is neutral - A matches this definition for NqrD, since equal
cationic and anionic functional groups would cancel out to 0 net charge.
At a pH greater than the pI, you can think of it as there being relatively
low proton concentrations in the environment, so the molecule is
deprotonated (more negative). Conversely, at a pH lower than the pI,
you can think of the environment as being relatively highly concentrated
in protons, so the molecule is more protonated (more positive).
Ionophores - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Ionophores are compounds
that bind to ions and facilitate their movements across membranes.
succinate dehydrogenase - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ succinate to
fumarate
FAD to FADH2
,Isoelectric focusing - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ separates proteins
based on their pIs. The technique uses an electric field and a pH gradient
which causes proteins to stop moving at a pH equal to their pI.
Southern blotting - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Southern blotting is a
technique to identify specific DNA fragments and does not require a pH
gradient.
Proteolysis - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ the breakdown of proteins or
peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes
involves the cleavage of peptide bonds and does not require a pH
gradient.
Keq>1 - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ means that products are favored
over reactants, since Keq = [Products]/[Reactants] at equilibrium. This is
associated with negative delta G, or exergonic reactions.
Pancreatic beta cells vs pancreatic alpha cells - ACCURATE
ANSWERS✔✔ Insulin is secreted in response to high blood glucose
levels by pancreatic beta cells. Conversely, glucagon is secreted in
response to low blood glucose levels from pancreatic alpha cells.
, amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain - ACCURATE
ANSWERS✔✔ Isoleucine
Endocrine signals - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ released into the blood
in order to impact tissues scattered throughout the body
type of chemical messengers that act locally - ACCURATE
ANSWERS✔✔ paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers act
locally.
type of chemical messengers that act on cells near the cell that secretes
the messenger - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Paracrine chemical
messengers
type of chemical messengers that act on the same cell that secretes the
messenger - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ autocrine chemical
messengers
Glycoprotein - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ any of a class of proteins
that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain.
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains
covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is
attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational
modification. This process is known as glycosylation.
