BIO 201 CHAPTER 7
• parathyroid hormone: secreted by parathyroid glands, released when bloodcalcium is too
low, raises calcium level (inhibits activity of osteoblasts, reduces calcium secretion)
• calcitonin: secreted by thyroid glands, released when blood calcium is too high,lowers
calcium level (reduces osteoclast activity, stimulates osteoblasts)
• estrogen: stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibiting osteoclasts, helping main-tain bone
density, especially during puberty and adulthood
• anabolic steroids: prematurely closes epiphyseal plates, limiting final height
• stress fracture: break caused by abnormal trauma
• pathological fracture: break in bone weakened by some other disease
• closed fracture: simple, no broken skin
• open fracture: compound, bone protrudes
• complete fracture: broken into two or more pieces
• incomplete fracture: extends only partway, pieces remain joined
• greenstick fracture: one side bent, incomplete on the other
• hairline fracture: fine crack
• comminuted fracture: broken into 3 or more pieces
• linear fracture: parallel along the long axis of the bone
• transverse fracture: perpendicular to long axis of bone
• oblique fracture: diagonal
• spiral fracture: result of twisting stress
• fracture healing process: 1. hematoma formation
2. granulation tissue (fibrous tissue)
3. bony callus formation (soft then hard)
4. bone remodeling
• closed reduction: nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splintingof bone
• open reduction: surgical realignment of broken bone ends
• traction: a pull to the arm or leg muscles to bring a bone back into place whenit is
dislocated or fractured
• parathyroid hormone: secreted by parathyroid glands, released when bloodcalcium is too
low, raises calcium level (inhibits activity of osteoblasts, reduces calcium secretion)
• calcitonin: secreted by thyroid glands, released when blood calcium is too high,lowers
calcium level (reduces osteoclast activity, stimulates osteoblasts)
• estrogen: stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibiting osteoclasts, helping main-tain bone
density, especially during puberty and adulthood
• anabolic steroids: prematurely closes epiphyseal plates, limiting final height
• stress fracture: break caused by abnormal trauma
• pathological fracture: break in bone weakened by some other disease
• closed fracture: simple, no broken skin
• open fracture: compound, bone protrudes
• complete fracture: broken into two or more pieces
• incomplete fracture: extends only partway, pieces remain joined
• greenstick fracture: one side bent, incomplete on the other
• hairline fracture: fine crack
• comminuted fracture: broken into 3 or more pieces
• linear fracture: parallel along the long axis of the bone
• transverse fracture: perpendicular to long axis of bone
• oblique fracture: diagonal
• spiral fracture: result of twisting stress
• fracture healing process: 1. hematoma formation
2. granulation tissue (fibrous tissue)
3. bony callus formation (soft then hard)
4. bone remodeling
• closed reduction: nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splintingof bone
• open reduction: surgical realignment of broken bone ends
• traction: a pull to the arm or leg muscles to bring a bone back into place whenit is
dislocated or fractured
