General Surgery Revision Sheet
Antisepsis and Asepsis
• Antisepsis: The practice of using antiseptics to eliminate microorganisms that cause disease.
• Asepsis: Free from contamination by pathogens, maintaining sterility to prevent infection.
Surgical Infection
• De nition: An infection at the site of a surgical incision, caused by the entry of pathogens.
• Pathogens: Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that cause disease.
• Types of Infections:
◦ Abscess: A localized collection of pus caused by an infection.
◦ Phlegmon: A diffuse in ammatory reaction to infection, producing pus but not well
localized like an abscess.
• Signs of In ammation:
◦ Dolor (pain)
◦ Calor (heat)
◦ Rubor (redness)
◦ Tumor (swelling)
◦ Functio laesa (loss of function)
Signs and Symptoms of Surgical Infections
• Clapping: This term is unclear but may refer to percussion sounds.
• Muscular Tenderness: Pain or discomfort in the muscles.
• Localization of Pain: Important for diagnosis, especially in the abdomen.
• 9 Regions of the Abdomen:
1. Right hypochondrium
2. Epigastric
3. Left hypochondrium
4. Right lumbar
5. Umbilical
6. Left lumbar
7. Right iliac
8. Hypogastric (suprapubic)
9. Left iliac
• Common Abdominal Pathologies:
◦ Appendicitis: Pain typically starts in the umbilical region and localizes to the right
iliac region.
◦ Cholecystitis: Pain in the right hypochondrium.
◦ Pancreatitis: Pain in the epigastric region, often radiating to the back.
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Antisepsis and Asepsis
• Antisepsis: The practice of using antiseptics to eliminate microorganisms that cause disease.
• Asepsis: Free from contamination by pathogens, maintaining sterility to prevent infection.
Surgical Infection
• De nition: An infection at the site of a surgical incision, caused by the entry of pathogens.
• Pathogens: Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that cause disease.
• Types of Infections:
◦ Abscess: A localized collection of pus caused by an infection.
◦ Phlegmon: A diffuse in ammatory reaction to infection, producing pus but not well
localized like an abscess.
• Signs of In ammation:
◦ Dolor (pain)
◦ Calor (heat)
◦ Rubor (redness)
◦ Tumor (swelling)
◦ Functio laesa (loss of function)
Signs and Symptoms of Surgical Infections
• Clapping: This term is unclear but may refer to percussion sounds.
• Muscular Tenderness: Pain or discomfort in the muscles.
• Localization of Pain: Important for diagnosis, especially in the abdomen.
• 9 Regions of the Abdomen:
1. Right hypochondrium
2. Epigastric
3. Left hypochondrium
4. Right lumbar
5. Umbilical
6. Left lumbar
7. Right iliac
8. Hypogastric (suprapubic)
9. Left iliac
• Common Abdominal Pathologies:
◦ Appendicitis: Pain typically starts in the umbilical region and localizes to the right
iliac region.
◦ Cholecystitis: Pain in the right hypochondrium.
◦ Pancreatitis: Pain in the epigastric region, often radiating to the back.
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fl fl
