1
TCDHA PERIO 1 EXAM LATEST UPDATES -2025/2026-
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ GUARANTEED SUCCESS
2 types: B cells, t cells
B lymphocytes
B Cells
makes antibodies and pour into bloodstream
2 types: plasma/ memory b cells
antibodies
y shaped proteins
y binds w outside of b celll
-other end of y binds to a MO and kills it
antibodies
are known collectively as immunoglobulins
T lymphocytes
T cells
intensify the response of other immune cells to bacterial invasion
immune response
defend the life of the individual - by identifying foreign substances in body and
developing defence against them
host response
, 2
The way that an individual's body responds to an infection
leukocytes
-act like independent single-cell organisms
-can move through tissues and capture micro-organisms on their own
-2 types important in perio disease: PMNs, Moncytes/macrophages
phagocytosis
process by which leukocytes engulf and digest microorganisms
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(PMNs)
-neutrophils
- rapid responders- 1st line of defence
- capture/ destroy bacterial invaders
-short-lived
what attracts leukocytes to an infection site
PMNs are attracted to bacteria by chemotaxis
lysosomes
strong bactericidal and digestive enzymes in PMN
-perio pathogens are effectively destroyed by PMNs
monocytes/macrophages
monocytes:in the bloodstream
macrophages: in the tissues
-slower to arrive at infection site than PMNs
-surround/destroy bacteria
-long-lived cells in chronic inflammation
lymphocytes
, 3
small leukocytes- help defend body
-produce CYTOKINES- further stimulate immune response
cytokine
protein secreted by cells and affects behaviour of nearby cells
regulate behaviour of immune cells
complement system
series of protons circulating in blood:
-facilitate phagocytosis of bacteria
-kill bacteria directly - form pores in bacterial cell membrane
function of complement system
• Destruction of pathogens
• Opsonization of pathogens
• Recruitment of phagocytes
• Immune clearance
trans-endothelial migration
leukocytes push their way between endothelial cells and enter connective tissue
migration
leukocytes travel through the bloodstream to fight an infection
body response to inflammation
focuses host defence components at the site of an infection to eliminate MOs and
heal damaged tissue
inflammatory biochemical mediators
Biologically active compounds secreted by cells-activate the body's inflammatory
response
chemokines
TCDHA PERIO 1 EXAM LATEST UPDATES -2025/2026-
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ GUARANTEED SUCCESS
2 types: B cells, t cells
B lymphocytes
B Cells
makes antibodies and pour into bloodstream
2 types: plasma/ memory b cells
antibodies
y shaped proteins
y binds w outside of b celll
-other end of y binds to a MO and kills it
antibodies
are known collectively as immunoglobulins
T lymphocytes
T cells
intensify the response of other immune cells to bacterial invasion
immune response
defend the life of the individual - by identifying foreign substances in body and
developing defence against them
host response
, 2
The way that an individual's body responds to an infection
leukocytes
-act like independent single-cell organisms
-can move through tissues and capture micro-organisms on their own
-2 types important in perio disease: PMNs, Moncytes/macrophages
phagocytosis
process by which leukocytes engulf and digest microorganisms
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(PMNs)
-neutrophils
- rapid responders- 1st line of defence
- capture/ destroy bacterial invaders
-short-lived
what attracts leukocytes to an infection site
PMNs are attracted to bacteria by chemotaxis
lysosomes
strong bactericidal and digestive enzymes in PMN
-perio pathogens are effectively destroyed by PMNs
monocytes/macrophages
monocytes:in the bloodstream
macrophages: in the tissues
-slower to arrive at infection site than PMNs
-surround/destroy bacteria
-long-lived cells in chronic inflammation
lymphocytes
, 3
small leukocytes- help defend body
-produce CYTOKINES- further stimulate immune response
cytokine
protein secreted by cells and affects behaviour of nearby cells
regulate behaviour of immune cells
complement system
series of protons circulating in blood:
-facilitate phagocytosis of bacteria
-kill bacteria directly - form pores in bacterial cell membrane
function of complement system
• Destruction of pathogens
• Opsonization of pathogens
• Recruitment of phagocytes
• Immune clearance
trans-endothelial migration
leukocytes push their way between endothelial cells and enter connective tissue
migration
leukocytes travel through the bloodstream to fight an infection
body response to inflammation
focuses host defence components at the site of an infection to eliminate MOs and
heal damaged tissue
inflammatory biochemical mediators
Biologically active compounds secreted by cells-activate the body's inflammatory
response
chemokines
