BIO 201 EXAM 1
1. Know the Levels of Organization (Pg 3): ...Chemical-atoms combine to formmolecules ,
Cellular-cells are made of of molecules, Tissue-tissues consist of similartypes of cells, Organ-
organs are made of up diffrent types of tissues, Organ Sys- tem-organ systems consist of
different organs that work closely together, Organis-mal- the human organism is made up of
many systems
2. What is the anatomical position: ...facing up
3. Know some things that occur in the MTA:
4. An RBC put in pure water would do what: ...osmosis will occur where the water would
move into the cell as its water concentration is less then the sourondingenviorment. due to the
amount of water absorbed by the cell it would then burst
5. What is a gene: ...a unit of heredity that is transfered from a parent to offspringand is held
to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
6. What are positive feedback systems, give examples: .. It encourages a process or
amplifies the action of a system. This will continue until Negative Feedback takes over. Ex.
during labor a hormone called oxytocin is released thatintensifies and speeds up contractions.
The incresse in conractions casues more oxytocin to be release and the cycle goes on until the
baby comes. The birth endsthe release of oxytocin and positive feedback.
7. What is lipolysis: ...the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis torelease fatty
acids
8. What is negative nitrogen balance: ...this means the intake of nitrogen in thebody is
greater then the loss of nitrogen from the body, so there is an increase in
the total body pool of protein. Negative Nitrogen Balance is associated with burns,serious
tissue injuries, fevers
9. What is stratified squamous epithelia: ... two layer , flattened square shape,arranged in
layers upon a basal membrane. only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane the
other layers adhere to one another to maintain structuralintegrity
10. In tissue repair, what happens during inflammation: ...about 1 week afterinjury a scab is
present and epithelium is growing into the wound; fight infection agents of the wound; new
skin at edge of wound undergoes regeneration and migrates under scab while the
inflammatory response proceeds ; scab begins tofall off
11. What are hemocytoblasts: ...type of stem cell that produces blood cells, it divides into
daughter cells , one being a blood cell and the other a hemocytoblast;ensureing there are
always enough hemocytoblasts
12. The most abundant protein in the body: ...collegen, which forms connectivetissue
13. The roles of intercalated discs of the heart: ...intercalated discs help multiplycardiac
muscle cells contract rapidly as a unit
, 14. What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, & blood vessels: ...Osseous tissueaka bone tissue
15. Know the order of the pathway of cellular respiration: ...1. Glycolosis- in glycolosis,
glucose undergoes a series of chemical reactions where it gets convertedinto two molecules of
pyruvate. In these reactions, ATP is made, and NAD is converted to NADH. 2. Pyruvate
oxidation- Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes intothe mitochondrial matrix (the innermost
compartment of mitochondria). There its converted into a two carbon molecule bound to
coenzyme A known as acetyl CoA.Carbon dioxide is release and NADH is generated. 3. Citric
Acid Cycle- acetyl CoAmade in the last step combines wit ha four carbon molecule and goes
through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four carbon starting molecule. ATP,
NADH, and FADH2 are produced and carbon dioxide is released. 4. Oxidative
Phosphorylation- the NADH nd FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electronsin the
electron transport chain, turning back into their empy forms NAD and FADH2
. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons
out of the matix forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matix thourhg an enxyme
called ATP synthesis, amking ATP . At the end of the electron transprot chain, oxygen accepts
electrons and takes up protons to form water.
16. Know uses for ATP: ...ATP is known as the energy currecny of the cell., so itprivides
energy to the body for performing all the vital activities. ATP acts as a rawmaterial during
many biochemical reactions like glycolysis and krebs cycle. It can
donate a phosphate group to form adp and can thus bring about phosphorylation reactions in
the prescence of kinase enzymes
17. What is a parasagittal plane: ...divides the body into left and right portions, parallel to the
sagittal plane, but not directly in the , thus it divides the body into anunequal let and right
portion
18. What is gross anatomy: ...branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and
tissues that are visible to the naked eye.
19. Define embryology, cytology & microscopic anatomy: ...Embryology- devel- opment
before birth, Cytology- cells of the body, Microscopic Anatomy- structures to small to be seen
with naked eye
20. The main component of the cytoplasm: ...Cytosol
21. What is mitosis: ...cell division that results in two daughter cells each having thesame #
and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
22. Role of leptin in the body: ...Leptin regulates energy intake and fat stores so that weight is
maintained within a relatively narrow range. "Leptin is a hormone made by fat cells, that
decrease appetite"
23. What is an organic molecule: ...are the molecules of life and are built aroundchains of
carbon atoms that are often quite long.
24. Some functions of lysosomes: ...they breakdown, degrade and digest safelywithin a cell
25. What type of epithelium would you find dense microvilli( lining intestinesand kidney
1. Know the Levels of Organization (Pg 3): ...Chemical-atoms combine to formmolecules ,
Cellular-cells are made of of molecules, Tissue-tissues consist of similartypes of cells, Organ-
organs are made of up diffrent types of tissues, Organ Sys- tem-organ systems consist of
different organs that work closely together, Organis-mal- the human organism is made up of
many systems
2. What is the anatomical position: ...facing up
3. Know some things that occur in the MTA:
4. An RBC put in pure water would do what: ...osmosis will occur where the water would
move into the cell as its water concentration is less then the sourondingenviorment. due to the
amount of water absorbed by the cell it would then burst
5. What is a gene: ...a unit of heredity that is transfered from a parent to offspringand is held
to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
6. What are positive feedback systems, give examples: .. It encourages a process or
amplifies the action of a system. This will continue until Negative Feedback takes over. Ex.
during labor a hormone called oxytocin is released thatintensifies and speeds up contractions.
The incresse in conractions casues more oxytocin to be release and the cycle goes on until the
baby comes. The birth endsthe release of oxytocin and positive feedback.
7. What is lipolysis: ...the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis torelease fatty
acids
8. What is negative nitrogen balance: ...this means the intake of nitrogen in thebody is
greater then the loss of nitrogen from the body, so there is an increase in
the total body pool of protein. Negative Nitrogen Balance is associated with burns,serious
tissue injuries, fevers
9. What is stratified squamous epithelia: ... two layer , flattened square shape,arranged in
layers upon a basal membrane. only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane the
other layers adhere to one another to maintain structuralintegrity
10. In tissue repair, what happens during inflammation: ...about 1 week afterinjury a scab is
present and epithelium is growing into the wound; fight infection agents of the wound; new
skin at edge of wound undergoes regeneration and migrates under scab while the
inflammatory response proceeds ; scab begins tofall off
11. What are hemocytoblasts: ...type of stem cell that produces blood cells, it divides into
daughter cells , one being a blood cell and the other a hemocytoblast;ensureing there are
always enough hemocytoblasts
12. The most abundant protein in the body: ...collegen, which forms connectivetissue
13. The roles of intercalated discs of the heart: ...intercalated discs help multiplycardiac
muscle cells contract rapidly as a unit
, 14. What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, & blood vessels: ...Osseous tissueaka bone tissue
15. Know the order of the pathway of cellular respiration: ...1. Glycolosis- in glycolosis,
glucose undergoes a series of chemical reactions where it gets convertedinto two molecules of
pyruvate. In these reactions, ATP is made, and NAD is converted to NADH. 2. Pyruvate
oxidation- Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes intothe mitochondrial matrix (the innermost
compartment of mitochondria). There its converted into a two carbon molecule bound to
coenzyme A known as acetyl CoA.Carbon dioxide is release and NADH is generated. 3. Citric
Acid Cycle- acetyl CoAmade in the last step combines wit ha four carbon molecule and goes
through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four carbon starting molecule. ATP,
NADH, and FADH2 are produced and carbon dioxide is released. 4. Oxidative
Phosphorylation- the NADH nd FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electronsin the
electron transport chain, turning back into their empy forms NAD and FADH2
. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons
out of the matix forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matix thourhg an enxyme
called ATP synthesis, amking ATP . At the end of the electron transprot chain, oxygen accepts
electrons and takes up protons to form water.
16. Know uses for ATP: ...ATP is known as the energy currecny of the cell., so itprivides
energy to the body for performing all the vital activities. ATP acts as a rawmaterial during
many biochemical reactions like glycolysis and krebs cycle. It can
donate a phosphate group to form adp and can thus bring about phosphorylation reactions in
the prescence of kinase enzymes
17. What is a parasagittal plane: ...divides the body into left and right portions, parallel to the
sagittal plane, but not directly in the , thus it divides the body into anunequal let and right
portion
18. What is gross anatomy: ...branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and
tissues that are visible to the naked eye.
19. Define embryology, cytology & microscopic anatomy: ...Embryology- devel- opment
before birth, Cytology- cells of the body, Microscopic Anatomy- structures to small to be seen
with naked eye
20. The main component of the cytoplasm: ...Cytosol
21. What is mitosis: ...cell division that results in two daughter cells each having thesame #
and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
22. Role of leptin in the body: ...Leptin regulates energy intake and fat stores so that weight is
maintained within a relatively narrow range. "Leptin is a hormone made by fat cells, that
decrease appetite"
23. What is an organic molecule: ...are the molecules of life and are built aroundchains of
carbon atoms that are often quite long.
24. Some functions of lysosomes: ...they breakdown, degrade and digest safelywithin a cell
25. What type of epithelium would you find dense microvilli( lining intestinesand kidney
