BIO 201 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
• Dermis:: Strong, flexible connective tissue
• Contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, hair follicles, glands
• Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBC
• Two layers
• Papillary
• Reticular
• Types of burns:: Heat
•Electricity
•Radiation
•Chemicals
• burns Immediate Threat:: •Dehydration
•Electrolyte imbalance
•Renal shutdown
•Circulatory shock
• Burns Results in:: •Tissue Damage
•Denatured protein
•Cell Death
• Used to estimate volume of fluid lossfrom burns: Rule of Nines
• Epidermal Damage Only Localized redness, edema (swelling), pain: 1st degree burn
• Epidermal & upper Dermal DamageBlisters appear: 2nd degree burn
• entire thickness of skin damagedGray-white, cherry red, black
No initial edema or pain
Skin grafting necessary: 3rd degree burn
• Risk Factors of skin: • Overexposure to UV radiation
• Frequent irritation of the Skin
• 3 types of cancer: Basal Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
,• Basal Cell Carcinoma:: Least malignant, most common
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: • 2nd most common
• Melanoma: • Most dangerous
• Osteogenic:: Stem cells give riseto osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts:: Bone-formingcells
• Osteocytes:: Mature bonecells
• Osteoclasts:: Breakdownbone
• Osteon (Haversian system):: Structural Unit
• Group of hollow tubes of bone matrix, one inside next likegrowth rings of a tree trunk
• structure of osteon:: Lamellae
Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann's) canalsLacunae
Canaliculi
• Most abundant, versatile, highly branched glial cells
• Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, & capillaries
• Support & brace neurons
• Help determine capillary permeability (bbb)
• Guide migration of young neurons
• Control chemical env't
• Participate in info processing of brain: Astrocytes
• Small, ovoid cells w/thorny processes
• Migrate toward injured neurons
• Specialized macrophage
• Phagocytize microorganisms & neuronal debris: Microglia
• Range in shape from squamous to columnar
• May be ciliated
• Line central cavities of brain & spinal column
• Separate CNS interstitial fluid from CSF in cavities: Ependymal Cells
, • Branched cells
• Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths: Oligo-dendrocytes
• • Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS: Satellite cells
• • Surround peripheral nerve fibers & form myelin sheaths
• Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers: Schwann cells
• Neurolemmocyte are AKA: Schwann Cell
• Leak Channels:: always openeg. K+ leak channels
• Voltage Gated:: open/close inresponse to
voltage
eg. voltage-gated K+ channels and voltagegatedNa+ channels
• Mechanically Gated:: open/close inresponse to physical
deformation eg sensory
touch Receptor
• Ligand Gated:: open/close when chemicalbinds to receptor
eg Nicotinic ACh Receptor
• Graded Potential:: Short-lived, localized changes in Membrane Potential (Vm)
• Depolarization or hyperpolarization
• Spreads as local currents change Vm of adjacent regions
• •Reduction in membrane potential
•Inside of membrane becomes lessnegative than resting potential
• Increases probability of AP: Depolarization
• •Increase in membrane potential
•Inside of membrane becomesmore negative than Vm
• Reduces probability of AP: Hyperpolarization
• Graded Potentials Occurs: *when stimulus causes gated ion channels to open
• Magnitude varies directly w/stimulus strength
• Brief reversal of Vm along axon
• Occurs in muscle cells & axons of neurons
• Does not decrease in magnitude over distance
• Dermis:: Strong, flexible connective tissue
• Contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, hair follicles, glands
• Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBC
• Two layers
• Papillary
• Reticular
• Types of burns:: Heat
•Electricity
•Radiation
•Chemicals
• burns Immediate Threat:: •Dehydration
•Electrolyte imbalance
•Renal shutdown
•Circulatory shock
• Burns Results in:: •Tissue Damage
•Denatured protein
•Cell Death
• Used to estimate volume of fluid lossfrom burns: Rule of Nines
• Epidermal Damage Only Localized redness, edema (swelling), pain: 1st degree burn
• Epidermal & upper Dermal DamageBlisters appear: 2nd degree burn
• entire thickness of skin damagedGray-white, cherry red, black
No initial edema or pain
Skin grafting necessary: 3rd degree burn
• Risk Factors of skin: • Overexposure to UV radiation
• Frequent irritation of the Skin
• 3 types of cancer: Basal Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
,• Basal Cell Carcinoma:: Least malignant, most common
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: • 2nd most common
• Melanoma: • Most dangerous
• Osteogenic:: Stem cells give riseto osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts:: Bone-formingcells
• Osteocytes:: Mature bonecells
• Osteoclasts:: Breakdownbone
• Osteon (Haversian system):: Structural Unit
• Group of hollow tubes of bone matrix, one inside next likegrowth rings of a tree trunk
• structure of osteon:: Lamellae
Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann's) canalsLacunae
Canaliculi
• Most abundant, versatile, highly branched glial cells
• Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, & capillaries
• Support & brace neurons
• Help determine capillary permeability (bbb)
• Guide migration of young neurons
• Control chemical env't
• Participate in info processing of brain: Astrocytes
• Small, ovoid cells w/thorny processes
• Migrate toward injured neurons
• Specialized macrophage
• Phagocytize microorganisms & neuronal debris: Microglia
• Range in shape from squamous to columnar
• May be ciliated
• Line central cavities of brain & spinal column
• Separate CNS interstitial fluid from CSF in cavities: Ependymal Cells
, • Branched cells
• Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths: Oligo-dendrocytes
• • Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS: Satellite cells
• • Surround peripheral nerve fibers & form myelin sheaths
• Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers: Schwann cells
• Neurolemmocyte are AKA: Schwann Cell
• Leak Channels:: always openeg. K+ leak channels
• Voltage Gated:: open/close inresponse to
voltage
eg. voltage-gated K+ channels and voltagegatedNa+ channels
• Mechanically Gated:: open/close inresponse to physical
deformation eg sensory
touch Receptor
• Ligand Gated:: open/close when chemicalbinds to receptor
eg Nicotinic ACh Receptor
• Graded Potential:: Short-lived, localized changes in Membrane Potential (Vm)
• Depolarization or hyperpolarization
• Spreads as local currents change Vm of adjacent regions
• •Reduction in membrane potential
•Inside of membrane becomes lessnegative than resting potential
• Increases probability of AP: Depolarization
• •Increase in membrane potential
•Inside of membrane becomesmore negative than Vm
• Reduces probability of AP: Hyperpolarization
• Graded Potentials Occurs: *when stimulus causes gated ion channels to open
• Magnitude varies directly w/stimulus strength
• Brief reversal of Vm along axon
• Occurs in muscle cells & axons of neurons
• Does not decrease in magnitude over distance
