NR 546 MIDTERM FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<BRAND NEW VERSION>
What are the early stage symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease (1-3
years)? - ANSWER Short-term memory deficits, disorientation
to date, diminished recall of recent events, mild language and
decision-making deficits, mild problems copying figures, social
withdrawal, mood changes, personality changes, and problems
managing finances.
What symptoms characterize the middle stage of Alzheimer's
Disease (2-8 years)? - ANSWER Disorientation to date and
place, getting lost in familiar places, impaired learning of new
skills, agitation, aggression, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty
with activities of daily living.
What are the late stage symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease (6-12
years)? - ANSWER Disorientation to person, time, or place,
non-verbal communication, diminished long-term memory,
inability to groom or dress, need for total care, incontinence, and
motor or verbal agitation.
What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression? - ANSWER
It theorizes that depression is caused by a deficiency in
monoamine neurotransmission, while mania is due to an excess.
, What is a key prescribing consideration for antidepressants in
bipolar disorder? - ANSWER Antidepressants should not be
given as monotherapy; they must be combined with a mood
stabilizer to avoid inducing mania.
What should be monitored when prescribing SNRIs to
breastfeeding patients? - ANSWER Infant irritability.
What factors should be considered when prescribing
antidepressants? - ANSWER Client preference, prior treatment
response, anticipated adverse effects, comorbidities, half-life,
interactions, and cost.
What should be done if the initial antidepressant does not work?
- ANSWER First, increase the dose; if that fails, switch to a
different drug in the same class, then try a drug in a different
class, and possibly add a second medication.
What is the recommended dose adjustment for older patients
taking citalopram and escitalopram? - ANSWER They should
receive half the usual dose.
Which SSRI has the least CYP interactions? - ANSWER
Escitalopram (Lexapro).
Which SSRI is considered good for forgetful patients? -
ANSWER Fluoxetine, due to its 2-3 day half-life.
What is the longest-acting antidepressant? - ANSWER
Fluoxetine, with a half-life of 1-2 weeks.
What is discontinuation syndrome and which medication is
more likely to cause it? - ANSWER Discontinuation syndrome
occurs when stopping an antidepressant, and paroxetine is more
likely to cause it.
,Which antidepressant is safe during nursing and pregnancy? -
ANSWER Sertraline.
What is serotonin syndrome? - ANSWER A condition that
occurs when two serotonergic drugs are used together, leading
to symptoms such as mental status changes, autonomic
instability, neuromuscular symptoms, seizures, and
gastrointestinal symptoms.
What is the treatment for serotonin syndrome? - ANSWER
Stop the medication, provide supportive care, and use
benzodiazepines.
What is the black box warning for MAOIs? - ANSWER They
carry a warning for suicidal ideation in children, adolescents,
and young adults.
What is the half-life of MAOIs? - ANSWER 2-4 hours.
What is the black box warning for SSRIs? - ANSWER They
carry a warning for suicidal tendencies.
What are MAOIs and what do they inhibit? - ANSWER
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) are antidepressants that
inhibit the enzyme that deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine,
and serotonin.
What can happen if MAOIs are taken with tyramine-containing
foods? - ANSWER They can cause a hypertensive crisis.
What can increase lithium levels? - ANSWER Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors - ANSWER Block the reuptake
of dopamine, increasing dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft
, Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibitors - ANSWER Prevent the
reuptake of norepinephrine, leading to increased norepinephrine
levels in the synaptic cleft
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) -
ANSWER Block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine,
increasing their levels in the brain
Atypical Antidepressants - ANSWER Include bupropion,
mirtazapine, and trazodone. Have unique mechanisms of action
compared to SSRIs and SNRIs
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) - ANSWER Inhibit
the enzyme monoamine oxidase, leading to increased levels of
neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
What can decrease lithium levels? - ANSWER Caffeine and
mania.
What is the role of L-Methylfolate in depression treatment? -
ANSWER It is necessary for the synthesis of monoamines and
is a bioavailable form of folate that enters the brain.
What are the recommendations for using paroxetine during
pregnancy? - ANSWER Paroxetine is contraindicated due to the
risk of congenital defects, including atrial septal defects.
What should be monitored when SNRIs are prescribed to
breastfeeding mothers? - ANSWER Infant irritability.
How do older adults respond to antidepressants compared to
younger individuals? - ANSWER Older adults may not respond
as robustly, especially if the first episode of depression occurs
after age 65.
STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<BRAND NEW VERSION>
What are the early stage symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease (1-3
years)? - ANSWER Short-term memory deficits, disorientation
to date, diminished recall of recent events, mild language and
decision-making deficits, mild problems copying figures, social
withdrawal, mood changes, personality changes, and problems
managing finances.
What symptoms characterize the middle stage of Alzheimer's
Disease (2-8 years)? - ANSWER Disorientation to date and
place, getting lost in familiar places, impaired learning of new
skills, agitation, aggression, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty
with activities of daily living.
What are the late stage symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease (6-12
years)? - ANSWER Disorientation to person, time, or place,
non-verbal communication, diminished long-term memory,
inability to groom or dress, need for total care, incontinence, and
motor or verbal agitation.
What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression? - ANSWER
It theorizes that depression is caused by a deficiency in
monoamine neurotransmission, while mania is due to an excess.
, What is a key prescribing consideration for antidepressants in
bipolar disorder? - ANSWER Antidepressants should not be
given as monotherapy; they must be combined with a mood
stabilizer to avoid inducing mania.
What should be monitored when prescribing SNRIs to
breastfeeding patients? - ANSWER Infant irritability.
What factors should be considered when prescribing
antidepressants? - ANSWER Client preference, prior treatment
response, anticipated adverse effects, comorbidities, half-life,
interactions, and cost.
What should be done if the initial antidepressant does not work?
- ANSWER First, increase the dose; if that fails, switch to a
different drug in the same class, then try a drug in a different
class, and possibly add a second medication.
What is the recommended dose adjustment for older patients
taking citalopram and escitalopram? - ANSWER They should
receive half the usual dose.
Which SSRI has the least CYP interactions? - ANSWER
Escitalopram (Lexapro).
Which SSRI is considered good for forgetful patients? -
ANSWER Fluoxetine, due to its 2-3 day half-life.
What is the longest-acting antidepressant? - ANSWER
Fluoxetine, with a half-life of 1-2 weeks.
What is discontinuation syndrome and which medication is
more likely to cause it? - ANSWER Discontinuation syndrome
occurs when stopping an antidepressant, and paroxetine is more
likely to cause it.
,Which antidepressant is safe during nursing and pregnancy? -
ANSWER Sertraline.
What is serotonin syndrome? - ANSWER A condition that
occurs when two serotonergic drugs are used together, leading
to symptoms such as mental status changes, autonomic
instability, neuromuscular symptoms, seizures, and
gastrointestinal symptoms.
What is the treatment for serotonin syndrome? - ANSWER
Stop the medication, provide supportive care, and use
benzodiazepines.
What is the black box warning for MAOIs? - ANSWER They
carry a warning for suicidal ideation in children, adolescents,
and young adults.
What is the half-life of MAOIs? - ANSWER 2-4 hours.
What is the black box warning for SSRIs? - ANSWER They
carry a warning for suicidal tendencies.
What are MAOIs and what do they inhibit? - ANSWER
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) are antidepressants that
inhibit the enzyme that deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine,
and serotonin.
What can happen if MAOIs are taken with tyramine-containing
foods? - ANSWER They can cause a hypertensive crisis.
What can increase lithium levels? - ANSWER Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors - ANSWER Block the reuptake
of dopamine, increasing dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft
, Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibitors - ANSWER Prevent the
reuptake of norepinephrine, leading to increased norepinephrine
levels in the synaptic cleft
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) -
ANSWER Block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine,
increasing their levels in the brain
Atypical Antidepressants - ANSWER Include bupropion,
mirtazapine, and trazodone. Have unique mechanisms of action
compared to SSRIs and SNRIs
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) - ANSWER Inhibit
the enzyme monoamine oxidase, leading to increased levels of
neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
What can decrease lithium levels? - ANSWER Caffeine and
mania.
What is the role of L-Methylfolate in depression treatment? -
ANSWER It is necessary for the synthesis of monoamines and
is a bioavailable form of folate that enters the brain.
What are the recommendations for using paroxetine during
pregnancy? - ANSWER Paroxetine is contraindicated due to the
risk of congenital defects, including atrial septal defects.
What should be monitored when SNRIs are prescribed to
breastfeeding mothers? - ANSWER Infant irritability.
How do older adults respond to antidepressants compared to
younger individuals? - ANSWER Older adults may not respond
as robustly, especially if the first episode of depression occurs
after age 65.
