GCU Bio-201 Exam 1 Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

GCU Bio-201 Exam 1 Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct What ion is used to power ATP synthase in order to regenerate ATP? H+ ions aerobic respiration requires oxygen anaerobic respiration Does not require oxygen Oxidation The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. reduction Gain of electrons Exergonic Chemical reactions that release energy Catabolic A process in which large molecules are broken down What is the fate of the pyruvate generated at the end of glycolysis? In other words, where does it go next? Gets broken up and goes into fermentation (Anaerobic) or goes into the Krebs cycle (aerobic) Is lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation efficient ways to generate energy? No, cost 6 ATPs only returns 2 Cori Cycle Krebs cycle What is the purpose of the Cori Cycle (Lactic acid cycle)? If the body runs out of oxygen the body can stay alive and functioning for a few more minutes. The Krebs cycle produces what? CO2, NADH, FADH2 that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration What is Oxygen's role in the electron transport chain? To stabilize H ions Cellular Respiration steps and how much ATP each one produces 1. Glycolysis (NET 2) 2. Krebs Cycle (Net 2) 3. Electron Transport Chain (Net 32) Total 36 ATPs Glycolysis first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of Pyruvate's Krebs cycle second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions Electron Transport Chain a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP Anatomy and Physiology structure and function Specialties of Anatomy - Gross Anatomy: Macroscopic, looking at large structures. - Surface Anatomy: Study of form and superficial surfaces. - Regional Anatomy: Specific areas of the body, ex. Heart, neck, trunk. - Systemic Anatomy: Study of the organ system and how they function together in a coordinate manner. - Microscopic anatomy: study of structures we cannot see, ex. Cytology(study of cells) and Histology(study of tissues) Specialties of physiology - Cell physiology: study of the function of the cell - Organ physiology: The study of the function of a specific organ. - Systemic physiology: The function of a specific organ system. - Pathological physiology: effects of disease on an organ function The levels of structural organization that make up the human body 1. Chemical Level: Atom, the smallest stable unit of matter 2. Cellular Level: Cells, smallest living units in the body. 3.Tissue Level: Tissues, groups of cells working together to preform one specific function. 4.Organ Level: Organs, made up of two or more tissues working together for a specific function, ex. Layers of Connective tissue & cardiac muscle to form the heart. 5.Organ System Level: A group of organs working together to perform a particular function has a system, ex. the cardiovascular system. 6.Organism Level: The human body all the levels working together to form one the highest level. Catabolism Breaks down Anabolism Builds up homeostasis (Equilibrium) The body way of staying balanced through positive and negative responses. Without it we would DIE. Intrinsic/Autoregulation Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change Extrinsic Regulation Response to an environment change controlled by nervous and endocrine systems Three control systems involved in maintaining homeostasis (1) Receptor - Receives the signal of environmental change (2) Control Center - Process the signal of change and sends out the command to the effector. (3) Effector - Responders to the change either through increases or decreases the stimulus. Aka. positive and negative responses! Negative Feedback -A way of counteracting a change -Ex. Rising body tempter; Causes the body to uses negative feedback to cool the body back down