NU 606 EXAM 3: CHPT. 12, 13, 25, 26
EXAM WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025
what are the two layers of the pericardial sac - CORRECT-ANSWERSouter fibrous
pericardium anchors the heart to diaphragm
visceral pericardium (epicardium) has a serous membrane
what is unique about cardiac muscle (myocardial fibers) - CORRECT-ANSWERS- no
nerves are present
intercalated discs at the junctions between fibers (they contain desmosomes, connections
to prevent muscle cells from separating during contraction, and gap junctions, which
permit ions to pass from cell to cell which facilitates rapid transmission of impulses
what ensures that all muscle fibers of the two atria followed by the two ventricles
contract together or shortly after as it were - CORRECT-ANSWERSgap junctions and
desmosomes
where does a conduction impulse start - CORRECT-ANSWERSall muscle cells can start
it, but it usually originates in the sinoatrial node - the pacemaker
what can alter the SA node impulses - CORRECT-ANSWERSautonomic nervous system
fibers and circulating hormones such as epinephrine
what is the only anatomical connection between atrial and ventricle conduction in the
heart - CORRECT-ANSWERSAV node
, where does the cardiac electrical impulse go after the AV node - CORRECT-
ANSWERSav bundle/ bundle of His, the right and left bundle branches, and the terminal
purkinje network of fibers
what stimulates ventricular contraction - CORRECT-ANSWERSterminal purkinje
fibers?
what does the P wave represent in an ECG - CORRECT-ANSWERSatrial depolarization
what does the QRS wave represent in an ECG - CORRECT-ANSWERSdepolarization of
the ventricles - during that time it masks the effect of atrial repolarziation
what does the T wave represent on an ECG - CORRECT-ANSWERSventricular
repolarization
where is the cardiac control center and what does it do - CORRECT-ANSWERSmedulla
of the brain. responds to changes from the baroreceptors (which detect BP and are located
in the aorta and carotid) . activate sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic
nervous system to alter the rate and force of cardiac contractions
What does activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) do? - CORRECT-
ANSWERStachycardia and contractility
What does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system do? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSbradycardia through Vegas nerve
How do beta blockers work? - CORRECT-ANSWERSblock normal SNS activation in an
otherwise damaged heart, so that it does not need to increase force or rate after the heart
has been damaged.
What are sulcus (sulci)? - CORRECT-ANSWERSshallow grooves where the vessels of
the coronary arteries lie
, when is blood flow greater through the myocardium - CORRECT-ANSWERSdiastole
(relaxation)
how does routine aerobic physical exercise help coronary circulation - CORRECT-
ANSWERSdevelopment of collateral circulation
what does a blockage of the right coronary artery impact? - CORRECT-ANSWERSAV
node (resulting in dysrhythmias), supplies right side of the heart and inferior portion of
the left ventricle as well as posterior interventriucular septum.
what does blockage of the left coronary artery impair? - CORRECT-ANSWERSpumping
capability of the left ventricle - congestive heart failure- brings blood to anterior wall of
ventricles, anterior septum, and bundle branches
cardiac cycle step 1 - CORRECT-ANSWERSatria relaxed and filling - the pulmonary
veins filling the left atrium, the inferior and superior venue cave fill the right atrium
cardiac cycle step 2 - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe av valves open as the pressure of the
blood in the atria increases and ventricles are relaxed
cardiac cycle step 3 - CORRECT-ANSWERSblood flows into ventricles - almost
emptying atria
cardiac cycle step 4 - CORRECT-ANSWERSconduction system stimulates the atrial
muscle to contract, forcing any remaining blood into the ventricles
cardiac cycle step 5 - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe atria relax
cardiac cycle step 6 - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe two ventricles begin to contract, and
pressure increases in the ventricles
cardiac cycle step 7 - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe av valves close
EXAM WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025
what are the two layers of the pericardial sac - CORRECT-ANSWERSouter fibrous
pericardium anchors the heart to diaphragm
visceral pericardium (epicardium) has a serous membrane
what is unique about cardiac muscle (myocardial fibers) - CORRECT-ANSWERS- no
nerves are present
intercalated discs at the junctions between fibers (they contain desmosomes, connections
to prevent muscle cells from separating during contraction, and gap junctions, which
permit ions to pass from cell to cell which facilitates rapid transmission of impulses
what ensures that all muscle fibers of the two atria followed by the two ventricles
contract together or shortly after as it were - CORRECT-ANSWERSgap junctions and
desmosomes
where does a conduction impulse start - CORRECT-ANSWERSall muscle cells can start
it, but it usually originates in the sinoatrial node - the pacemaker
what can alter the SA node impulses - CORRECT-ANSWERSautonomic nervous system
fibers and circulating hormones such as epinephrine
what is the only anatomical connection between atrial and ventricle conduction in the
heart - CORRECT-ANSWERSAV node
, where does the cardiac electrical impulse go after the AV node - CORRECT-
ANSWERSav bundle/ bundle of His, the right and left bundle branches, and the terminal
purkinje network of fibers
what stimulates ventricular contraction - CORRECT-ANSWERSterminal purkinje
fibers?
what does the P wave represent in an ECG - CORRECT-ANSWERSatrial depolarization
what does the QRS wave represent in an ECG - CORRECT-ANSWERSdepolarization of
the ventricles - during that time it masks the effect of atrial repolarziation
what does the T wave represent on an ECG - CORRECT-ANSWERSventricular
repolarization
where is the cardiac control center and what does it do - CORRECT-ANSWERSmedulla
of the brain. responds to changes from the baroreceptors (which detect BP and are located
in the aorta and carotid) . activate sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic
nervous system to alter the rate and force of cardiac contractions
What does activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) do? - CORRECT-
ANSWERStachycardia and contractility
What does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system do? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSbradycardia through Vegas nerve
How do beta blockers work? - CORRECT-ANSWERSblock normal SNS activation in an
otherwise damaged heart, so that it does not need to increase force or rate after the heart
has been damaged.
What are sulcus (sulci)? - CORRECT-ANSWERSshallow grooves where the vessels of
the coronary arteries lie
, when is blood flow greater through the myocardium - CORRECT-ANSWERSdiastole
(relaxation)
how does routine aerobic physical exercise help coronary circulation - CORRECT-
ANSWERSdevelopment of collateral circulation
what does a blockage of the right coronary artery impact? - CORRECT-ANSWERSAV
node (resulting in dysrhythmias), supplies right side of the heart and inferior portion of
the left ventricle as well as posterior interventriucular septum.
what does blockage of the left coronary artery impair? - CORRECT-ANSWERSpumping
capability of the left ventricle - congestive heart failure- brings blood to anterior wall of
ventricles, anterior septum, and bundle branches
cardiac cycle step 1 - CORRECT-ANSWERSatria relaxed and filling - the pulmonary
veins filling the left atrium, the inferior and superior venue cave fill the right atrium
cardiac cycle step 2 - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe av valves open as the pressure of the
blood in the atria increases and ventricles are relaxed
cardiac cycle step 3 - CORRECT-ANSWERSblood flows into ventricles - almost
emptying atria
cardiac cycle step 4 - CORRECT-ANSWERSconduction system stimulates the atrial
muscle to contract, forcing any remaining blood into the ventricles
cardiac cycle step 5 - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe atria relax
cardiac cycle step 6 - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe two ventricles begin to contract, and
pressure increases in the ventricles
cardiac cycle step 7 - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe av valves close
