D7.9.4 In Output 9.4:
(a) What does the paired samples correlation for mother’s and father’s education mean?
It means that well-educated women are likely to marry well-educated men and vice versa.
However, it does not indicate if any men or women are highly educated than the other.
(b) Interpret/explain the results for the t-test.
The Sig. (2-tailed) was p=.019 indicating the average education level comparison of the
students’ fathers and mothers. This means that the difference in the education level of the two
variables is statistically significant since p is less than 0.05. Also, from the first table mean, we
saw that fathers are more highly educated than mothers but now using d=.28, which is derived
from dividing the mean (.59) by std. Deviation (2.1) shows that the effect size in their difference
in education level is small. From 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference, it is seen that the
difference in the mean can be as low as 0.10 or as high as 1.08 points using the 2-10 scale. With
p = .019, t (72) = 2.40, d = .28, we can tell that the students’ fathers have average significantly
higher education than the students’ mothers, though the difference is statistically significant.
(c) Explain how the correlation and the t-test differ in what information they provide.
The paired sample t-test results indicate that the student’s father has an average
significantly higher education than the students’ mothers. However, the difference is statistically
significant. The correlation shows that well-educated women are likely to marry well-educated
men and vice versa without indicating whether fathers or mothers are more educated than the
other.
(d) Describe the results if the r was .90 and the t was zero.
If r was 0.9, it would suggest a positive and strong association exists between father and
mother education level and suppose the t was 0. It would show that the sample result is equal to
the null hypothesis.
(e) What if r was zero and t was 5.0?
It would suggest no correlation between the two variables; however, there is a large
difference between the fathers’ and mothers’ education levels.
D7.9.5
(a) Compare the results of Output 9.4 with Output 9.5.
The output 9.4 is used to compare two paired samples; in this case, it determines whether the
students’ fathers’ education levels are more significant than that of students’ mothers while the
output 9.5 is used to compare two paired samples to check the reliability of the samples.
(b) When would you use the Wilcoxon test?
I would use it when testing for differences in the mean or median of paired samples-
either measurements on pairs of units or measurements on the same unit before and after. Or
(a) What does the paired samples correlation for mother’s and father’s education mean?
It means that well-educated women are likely to marry well-educated men and vice versa.
However, it does not indicate if any men or women are highly educated than the other.
(b) Interpret/explain the results for the t-test.
The Sig. (2-tailed) was p=.019 indicating the average education level comparison of the
students’ fathers and mothers. This means that the difference in the education level of the two
variables is statistically significant since p is less than 0.05. Also, from the first table mean, we
saw that fathers are more highly educated than mothers but now using d=.28, which is derived
from dividing the mean (.59) by std. Deviation (2.1) shows that the effect size in their difference
in education level is small. From 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference, it is seen that the
difference in the mean can be as low as 0.10 or as high as 1.08 points using the 2-10 scale. With
p = .019, t (72) = 2.40, d = .28, we can tell that the students’ fathers have average significantly
higher education than the students’ mothers, though the difference is statistically significant.
(c) Explain how the correlation and the t-test differ in what information they provide.
The paired sample t-test results indicate that the student’s father has an average
significantly higher education than the students’ mothers. However, the difference is statistically
significant. The correlation shows that well-educated women are likely to marry well-educated
men and vice versa without indicating whether fathers or mothers are more educated than the
other.
(d) Describe the results if the r was .90 and the t was zero.
If r was 0.9, it would suggest a positive and strong association exists between father and
mother education level and suppose the t was 0. It would show that the sample result is equal to
the null hypothesis.
(e) What if r was zero and t was 5.0?
It would suggest no correlation between the two variables; however, there is a large
difference between the fathers’ and mothers’ education levels.
D7.9.5
(a) Compare the results of Output 9.4 with Output 9.5.
The output 9.4 is used to compare two paired samples; in this case, it determines whether the
students’ fathers’ education levels are more significant than that of students’ mothers while the
output 9.5 is used to compare two paired samples to check the reliability of the samples.
(b) When would you use the Wilcoxon test?
I would use it when testing for differences in the mean or median of paired samples-
either measurements on pairs of units or measurements on the same unit before and after. Or
