148
Med -Surg
© 15
, 149
Tipsfor MedSurg
nurse in the making
Class
Synthesizeyournotes Understandhowthe bodyworks
I had the most success in remembering You will learn diseases & conditions in
content when synthesizing my notes. Here’s every body system in your med surg
what I did: after each class, I synthesized class (respiratory, cardiac, renal, etc.)
(combining into one place) my notes from
the PowerPoint and the notes I wrote down Understanding how the body is
from the lecture. I rewrote them in one supposed to function can help you
organized document. Then, I would print understand what to do when things
out those new notes and place them in my go wrong or a patient becomes ill.
class binder for test review later on!
Teachit out loud! Comparisoncharts
Do you really know the content? Passively Most of med surg class consists of
listening or passively reading the content usually comparing different diseases.
does not produce the same benefits as actively For example:
speaking the material out loud. Don’t sit around hypocalcemia vs. hypercalcemia,
listening to your friends or teachers talk through Cushing’s disease vs. Addison’s disease.
the material; actively engage with it.
So, making condensed comparison
SOLUTION: charts and understanding the core
Teach the material OUT LOUD to yourself, your differences can help a lot!
friends, your family, or even your pet. Try not to
use your notes. When you can teach the content GOOD NEWS:
without hesitation, you really know the content. This book has a ton of comparison
It’s a perfect test of how prepared you actually charts already made for you! :)
are for the next exam.
© 152
, med-surg
150
renal/
LabValuesRelatedto the urinary
nurse in the making
Kidneys
DESCRIPTION
EXPECTED POSSIBLECAUSES
RANGE
GLOMERULA
FILTRATION
R RATE
Rate of blood
(GFR) 90 - 120 Kidney dysfunction
flow through
(such as chronic Pregnancy
the kidneys mL/min kidney disease)
CREATININE 0 .6 - 1.2 • Acute or chronic
End product of mg/dL • Low muscle mass kidney disease
muscle metabolism; • Hyperthyroidism • Congestive
solely filtered heart failure
from the blood via • Starvation
Rhyme:
glomerulus Creatinineover1.3 • Liver disease • Dehydration
= a bad kidney • Certain drugs
Creatinine
Normal waste 7 - 20 is a better
product resulting mg/dL • Liver damage
indicator of
BLOODUREA from the breakdown kidney function
than BUN
NITROGEN of proteins; high • Malabsorption
(BUN) levels can indicate • Poor diet
Thinkof hamburger
a kidney problem & BUNs —hamburgers • Low-nitrogen diet Acute or chronic
be toxic can costanywherefrom
$7-$20 kidney disease
in the body
• Adequate or • Dehydration
excessive fluid intake • Syndrome of
• Diabetes insipidus inappropriate
URINESPECIFIC antidiuretic hormone
GRAVITY A measure of the
secretion (SIADH)
kidney's ability 1.005 - 1.030
to excrete or well-hydrated dehydrated
conserve water
diluted urine concentrated
makesthe #s urine makesthe
go down #s curveup
< 1.005 > 1.030
Urineoutput:
URINEOUTPUT • Shock
ATLEAST30 mL/hr
• Hypotension
The amount of urine (Theaverageadult willvoid • Diabetes mellitus
a person excretes about1500 mL/day) • Trauma
• Diabetes insipidus
from their bladder • Infection
via the urethra • Too many diuretics
• Chronic kidney
disease (CKD)
NORMAL Urine free from glucose, ketones, blood, protein, bilirubin,
FINDINGS nitrates, or leukocyte esterase
© 15
, med-surg
151
renal/
Kidney urinary
nurse in the making
Overview
Function n ac
Anatomy
of the kidney The right
kidney sits lower of the kidney
s "A WETBED"
than the left due
to the location
of the liver
a Acid-base balance
Major calyx
w water balance
enal nerve
Minor calyx
e Electrolyte balance Renal
hilum
enal artery
enal vein Pyramid
t toxin removal
Renal column
b blood pressure control
e erythropoietin Papilla
Vitamin d metabolism Renal pelvis Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Ureter Capsule
Termsto
Dysuria.................Pain while urinating Enuresis...............Involuntary voiding during sleep
Nocturia..............Excessive urination at night Proteinuria .........Abnormal amounts of protein in the urine
Know Hematuria ............Bloody urine
Frequency...........Voiding more than every 3 hours
Oliguria ...............Urine output: < 400 mL/day
Anuria ..................Urine output: < 100 mL/day
Urgency...............Strong desire to void Micturition .........Voiding
Incontinence......Involuntary voiding
URINE
1 FORMATION
2 3 4
GLOMERULA TUBULAR TUBULAR URINE
RFILTRATION REABSORPTION SECRETION EXCRETION
Blood flows into the kidneys: Fluid moves from the renal Fluid moves from Adults should
1 20 mL/min tubules into the capillaries, the capillaries into void 1 -2 L/day No less
Filters water, electrolytes & small which reabsorb fluid into the the renal tubules to get than
venous circulation eliminated/excreted 30 mL / hr
molecules into the glomerulus
(large molecules stay
in the bloodstream)
© 15
Med -Surg
© 15
, 149
Tipsfor MedSurg
nurse in the making
Class
Synthesizeyournotes Understandhowthe bodyworks
I had the most success in remembering You will learn diseases & conditions in
content when synthesizing my notes. Here’s every body system in your med surg
what I did: after each class, I synthesized class (respiratory, cardiac, renal, etc.)
(combining into one place) my notes from
the PowerPoint and the notes I wrote down Understanding how the body is
from the lecture. I rewrote them in one supposed to function can help you
organized document. Then, I would print understand what to do when things
out those new notes and place them in my go wrong or a patient becomes ill.
class binder for test review later on!
Teachit out loud! Comparisoncharts
Do you really know the content? Passively Most of med surg class consists of
listening or passively reading the content usually comparing different diseases.
does not produce the same benefits as actively For example:
speaking the material out loud. Don’t sit around hypocalcemia vs. hypercalcemia,
listening to your friends or teachers talk through Cushing’s disease vs. Addison’s disease.
the material; actively engage with it.
So, making condensed comparison
SOLUTION: charts and understanding the core
Teach the material OUT LOUD to yourself, your differences can help a lot!
friends, your family, or even your pet. Try not to
use your notes. When you can teach the content GOOD NEWS:
without hesitation, you really know the content. This book has a ton of comparison
It’s a perfect test of how prepared you actually charts already made for you! :)
are for the next exam.
© 152
, med-surg
150
renal/
LabValuesRelatedto the urinary
nurse in the making
Kidneys
DESCRIPTION
EXPECTED POSSIBLECAUSES
RANGE
GLOMERULA
FILTRATION
R RATE
Rate of blood
(GFR) 90 - 120 Kidney dysfunction
flow through
(such as chronic Pregnancy
the kidneys mL/min kidney disease)
CREATININE 0 .6 - 1.2 • Acute or chronic
End product of mg/dL • Low muscle mass kidney disease
muscle metabolism; • Hyperthyroidism • Congestive
solely filtered heart failure
from the blood via • Starvation
Rhyme:
glomerulus Creatinineover1.3 • Liver disease • Dehydration
= a bad kidney • Certain drugs
Creatinine
Normal waste 7 - 20 is a better
product resulting mg/dL • Liver damage
indicator of
BLOODUREA from the breakdown kidney function
than BUN
NITROGEN of proteins; high • Malabsorption
(BUN) levels can indicate • Poor diet
Thinkof hamburger
a kidney problem & BUNs —hamburgers • Low-nitrogen diet Acute or chronic
be toxic can costanywherefrom
$7-$20 kidney disease
in the body
• Adequate or • Dehydration
excessive fluid intake • Syndrome of
• Diabetes insipidus inappropriate
URINESPECIFIC antidiuretic hormone
GRAVITY A measure of the
secretion (SIADH)
kidney's ability 1.005 - 1.030
to excrete or well-hydrated dehydrated
conserve water
diluted urine concentrated
makesthe #s urine makesthe
go down #s curveup
< 1.005 > 1.030
Urineoutput:
URINEOUTPUT • Shock
ATLEAST30 mL/hr
• Hypotension
The amount of urine (Theaverageadult willvoid • Diabetes mellitus
a person excretes about1500 mL/day) • Trauma
• Diabetes insipidus
from their bladder • Infection
via the urethra • Too many diuretics
• Chronic kidney
disease (CKD)
NORMAL Urine free from glucose, ketones, blood, protein, bilirubin,
FINDINGS nitrates, or leukocyte esterase
© 15
, med-surg
151
renal/
Kidney urinary
nurse in the making
Overview
Function n ac
Anatomy
of the kidney The right
kidney sits lower of the kidney
s "A WETBED"
than the left due
to the location
of the liver
a Acid-base balance
Major calyx
w water balance
enal nerve
Minor calyx
e Electrolyte balance Renal
hilum
enal artery
enal vein Pyramid
t toxin removal
Renal column
b blood pressure control
e erythropoietin Papilla
Vitamin d metabolism Renal pelvis Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Ureter Capsule
Termsto
Dysuria.................Pain while urinating Enuresis...............Involuntary voiding during sleep
Nocturia..............Excessive urination at night Proteinuria .........Abnormal amounts of protein in the urine
Know Hematuria ............Bloody urine
Frequency...........Voiding more than every 3 hours
Oliguria ...............Urine output: < 400 mL/day
Anuria ..................Urine output: < 100 mL/day
Urgency...............Strong desire to void Micturition .........Voiding
Incontinence......Involuntary voiding
URINE
1 FORMATION
2 3 4
GLOMERULA TUBULAR TUBULAR URINE
RFILTRATION REABSORPTION SECRETION EXCRETION
Blood flows into the kidneys: Fluid moves from the renal Fluid moves from Adults should
1 20 mL/min tubules into the capillaries, the capillaries into void 1 -2 L/day No less
Filters water, electrolytes & small which reabsorb fluid into the the renal tubules to get than
venous circulation eliminated/excreted 30 mL / hr
molecules into the glomerulus
(large molecules stay
in the bloodstream)
© 15
