Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
B-lymphocytes - Correct answer..., Responsible for humoral immunity. B-Cells are
exposed to an antigen. When they encounter an antigen they imprint the antigen. Every
bacteria has an antigenic site or antigenic marker. Immune system will respond to
marker.
Types of immunity - Correct answer..., Natural active immunity,Natural passive
immunity,Artificial active immunity,Artificial passive immunity
Immunotope - Correct answer...
Epitope - Correct answer..., An area of the antigen molecle that stimulates the
production of, and combines with, specific antibodies; also know as the antigenic
determinant site
Paratope - Correct answer..., what is the name of the part of the antibody that
interacts with the antigen?
IgA - Correct answer..., (1) 10-15% of total Ig in serum (2) predominant in secretions
like breast milk, saliva, tears, mucous (3) primarily exists as monomer; secretory IgA is
dimer or tetramer
IgE - Correct answer..., 1% of serum antibody, half life 2.5 days, helminth infections,
binds to mast cells via FcεR (mediates allergic reaction, triggers mast cell
degranulation)
IgG - Correct answer..., 2nd to respond, formed in lg quantities & work in the blood
& tissues. They bind to destructive pathogens so that the immune cells (for example,
macrophage) have an easier time ingesting them. The immunoglobulin class that is the
only one capable of crossing the placenta i
IgM - Correct answer..., 31. The most potent activator of classical complement., first
to appear on the surface of B cells
Endogenous antigens - Correct answer..., infected host cells display pathogen
proteins externally and are recognized as foreign; infected cell with virus and the viral
antigens surround it
Herpes virus - Correct answer...,, 1) HSV-1 - oral herpes, STD and contact, no
vaccine, lifetime infection, treat the symptoms, sore
,Maternal antibody - Correct answer..., Natural, passive immunity, IgG, maternal IgG
crosses placent, Antibody in a newborn animal which the newborn acquired through the
placenta or colostrum (the first milk).
Hypersensitivity reactions - Correct answer..., Different types; unexpected outcome
after the administration of a medication; usually immune (IgE) mediated if previously
exposed (Type I Hypersensitivity reaction); ranges from rash/hives to anaphylaxis (life
threatening)- Cell mediated
Development of allergies Alloimmunity - Correct answer..., Mast cell degranulates
releasing histamine into tissue - histamine binds to receptors on endothelial cells -
results in allergic symptoms.
Autoimmunity - Correct answer..., Antigens trigger the formation of abnormal IgG in
tissue and plasma, activates complement, An immune response directed against one's
own self antigens.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Correct answer..., An autoimmune disease where
the body's immune system damages its own tissues and cells. Characteristics are a bad
rash or skin lesions. 40-50% of lupus patients develop renal disease, others develop
hemolysis and anemia. Cause unknown.
Graves Disease - Correct answer..., Autoantibody (IgG) that stimulates TSH
receptor (type II hypersensitivity), An autoimmune disease, in which antibodies against
the TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) receptor in thyroid epithelial cell membranes bind
to it permanently and mimic the effects of TSH binding. This results in continual release
of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, causing the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
Morbidity & mortality - Correct answer..., illness & deaths, Morbidity = presence of
disease Mortality= deaths
Bacteria & Fungi - Correct answer..., Bacteria are larger, easily grown in the lab,
and can be seen with regular microscopes. Generally they can be treated successfully
with antibiotics however, many bacteria are now becoming resistant to antibiotics.,
Fungi- kingdom of complex organisms that obtain food by breaking down other
substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients.
Fungal infection mechanism - Correct answer...
Cytokine - Correct answer...
HIV seronegativity - Correct answer...
, Infectivity - Correct answer..., Capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in a
susceptible host and thus produce infection or disease.
Pathogenicity - Correct answer..., A broad concept that describes an organism's
potential to cause infection or disease, and is used to divide pathogenic microbes into
one of two groups.
Virulence - Correct answer..., measure of pathogenicity. Depends on the strength to
adhere to health cells, damage cells or interfere with body's normal regulating systems
and/or white blood cells.
Toxigenicity - Correct answer..., Ability to produce disease by production of a
soluble toxin, such as hemolysin, leukocidin, other exotoxins, and endotoxins.
Rickettsial infection - Correct answer..Rickettsiae and rickettsia-like bacteria are an
unusual type of bacteria that cause several diseases, including Rocky Mountain spotted
fever and epidemic typhus. These bacteria differ from most other bacteria in that they
can live and multiply only inside the cells of another organism (host) and cannot survive
on their own in the environment. Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Coxiella burnetii bacteria
are similar to rickettsiae and cause similar diseases..
General adaptation response - Correct answer...
Stress hormones - epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, ACTH - Correct answer...
Sympathetic nervous system - Correct answer..., A subdivision of the autonomic
nervous system that activates nerves, glands and visceral muscles in times of stress or
threat (prepares the body for action), Affects both the ventricles and atrium by
increasing heart rate, conduction and irritability
Parasympathetic nervous system - Correct answer..., A subdivision of the
autonomic nervous system that calms the body after action and also retains the body
functioning at is normal state (homeostasis), Nervous system which mobilises
conserves energy and resources during relaxed states, including sleep.
Connective tissue cancers - Correct answer..., Sarcomas
Carcinoma - Correct answer..., Cancerous tumor that arises form epithelial tissue
and can invade surrounding tissue and metastasize
Tumor cell markers - Correct answer..., substances in body that may indicate the
presence of cancer cells; tumor markers may be secreted by the tumor itself, or may be
produced in the body in response to cancer; tumor markers are generally specific for a
certain type of cancer (prostate specific antigen [PSA] for prostate cancer); tumor
B-lymphocytes - Correct answer..., Responsible for humoral immunity. B-Cells are
exposed to an antigen. When they encounter an antigen they imprint the antigen. Every
bacteria has an antigenic site or antigenic marker. Immune system will respond to
marker.
Types of immunity - Correct answer..., Natural active immunity,Natural passive
immunity,Artificial active immunity,Artificial passive immunity
Immunotope - Correct answer...
Epitope - Correct answer..., An area of the antigen molecle that stimulates the
production of, and combines with, specific antibodies; also know as the antigenic
determinant site
Paratope - Correct answer..., what is the name of the part of the antibody that
interacts with the antigen?
IgA - Correct answer..., (1) 10-15% of total Ig in serum (2) predominant in secretions
like breast milk, saliva, tears, mucous (3) primarily exists as monomer; secretory IgA is
dimer or tetramer
IgE - Correct answer..., 1% of serum antibody, half life 2.5 days, helminth infections,
binds to mast cells via FcεR (mediates allergic reaction, triggers mast cell
degranulation)
IgG - Correct answer..., 2nd to respond, formed in lg quantities & work in the blood
& tissues. They bind to destructive pathogens so that the immune cells (for example,
macrophage) have an easier time ingesting them. The immunoglobulin class that is the
only one capable of crossing the placenta i
IgM - Correct answer..., 31. The most potent activator of classical complement., first
to appear on the surface of B cells
Endogenous antigens - Correct answer..., infected host cells display pathogen
proteins externally and are recognized as foreign; infected cell with virus and the viral
antigens surround it
Herpes virus - Correct answer...,, 1) HSV-1 - oral herpes, STD and contact, no
vaccine, lifetime infection, treat the symptoms, sore
,Maternal antibody - Correct answer..., Natural, passive immunity, IgG, maternal IgG
crosses placent, Antibody in a newborn animal which the newborn acquired through the
placenta or colostrum (the first milk).
Hypersensitivity reactions - Correct answer..., Different types; unexpected outcome
after the administration of a medication; usually immune (IgE) mediated if previously
exposed (Type I Hypersensitivity reaction); ranges from rash/hives to anaphylaxis (life
threatening)- Cell mediated
Development of allergies Alloimmunity - Correct answer..., Mast cell degranulates
releasing histamine into tissue - histamine binds to receptors on endothelial cells -
results in allergic symptoms.
Autoimmunity - Correct answer..., Antigens trigger the formation of abnormal IgG in
tissue and plasma, activates complement, An immune response directed against one's
own self antigens.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Correct answer..., An autoimmune disease where
the body's immune system damages its own tissues and cells. Characteristics are a bad
rash or skin lesions. 40-50% of lupus patients develop renal disease, others develop
hemolysis and anemia. Cause unknown.
Graves Disease - Correct answer..., Autoantibody (IgG) that stimulates TSH
receptor (type II hypersensitivity), An autoimmune disease, in which antibodies against
the TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) receptor in thyroid epithelial cell membranes bind
to it permanently and mimic the effects of TSH binding. This results in continual release
of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, causing the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
Morbidity & mortality - Correct answer..., illness & deaths, Morbidity = presence of
disease Mortality= deaths
Bacteria & Fungi - Correct answer..., Bacteria are larger, easily grown in the lab,
and can be seen with regular microscopes. Generally they can be treated successfully
with antibiotics however, many bacteria are now becoming resistant to antibiotics.,
Fungi- kingdom of complex organisms that obtain food by breaking down other
substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients.
Fungal infection mechanism - Correct answer...
Cytokine - Correct answer...
HIV seronegativity - Correct answer...
, Infectivity - Correct answer..., Capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in a
susceptible host and thus produce infection or disease.
Pathogenicity - Correct answer..., A broad concept that describes an organism's
potential to cause infection or disease, and is used to divide pathogenic microbes into
one of two groups.
Virulence - Correct answer..., measure of pathogenicity. Depends on the strength to
adhere to health cells, damage cells or interfere with body's normal regulating systems
and/or white blood cells.
Toxigenicity - Correct answer..., Ability to produce disease by production of a
soluble toxin, such as hemolysin, leukocidin, other exotoxins, and endotoxins.
Rickettsial infection - Correct answer..Rickettsiae and rickettsia-like bacteria are an
unusual type of bacteria that cause several diseases, including Rocky Mountain spotted
fever and epidemic typhus. These bacteria differ from most other bacteria in that they
can live and multiply only inside the cells of another organism (host) and cannot survive
on their own in the environment. Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Coxiella burnetii bacteria
are similar to rickettsiae and cause similar diseases..
General adaptation response - Correct answer...
Stress hormones - epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, ACTH - Correct answer...
Sympathetic nervous system - Correct answer..., A subdivision of the autonomic
nervous system that activates nerves, glands and visceral muscles in times of stress or
threat (prepares the body for action), Affects both the ventricles and atrium by
increasing heart rate, conduction and irritability
Parasympathetic nervous system - Correct answer..., A subdivision of the
autonomic nervous system that calms the body after action and also retains the body
functioning at is normal state (homeostasis), Nervous system which mobilises
conserves energy and resources during relaxed states, including sleep.
Connective tissue cancers - Correct answer..., Sarcomas
Carcinoma - Correct answer..., Cancerous tumor that arises form epithelial tissue
and can invade surrounding tissue and metastasize
Tumor cell markers - Correct answer..., substances in body that may indicate the
presence of cancer cells; tumor markers may be secreted by the tumor itself, or may be
produced in the body in response to cancer; tumor markers are generally specific for a
certain type of cancer (prostate specific antigen [PSA] for prostate cancer); tumor
