BIOS 256 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM V2
• How is Angiotensin II produced?: It is produced mostly in the bloodstream andregulated by
the release of renin from the kidney and low blood pressure.
• What is the target tissue for Angiotensin II?: Smooth muscle in blood vessels.
• Describe the feedback loop for Angiotensin II in response to low bloodpressure.: 1.
Kidney detects drop; 2. Releases renin; 3. Renin converts an- giotensinogen to Angiotensin I;
4. Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II;
5. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction; 6. BP increases; 7. Triggers negativefeedback.
• What is the role of Aldosterone in blood pressure regulation?: Aldosteronereclaims
sodium (Na+) and water, which elevates blood pressure.
• Where is Aldosterone produced and what regulates its release?: Aldos- terone is produced
in the adrenal gland and regulated by a positive feedback loopfrom Angiotensin II and low
blood pressure.
• What is the target tissue for Aldosterone?: Kidney nephron.
• Describe the feedback loop for Aldosterone in response to low sodium levels.: 1. Na+
levels drop, resulting in BP drop; 2. Detected by the kidney; 3. Angiotensin II triggers
Aldosterone release; 4. Aldosterone reclaims Na+; 5. BP goesup; 6. Triggers negative feedback.
• What hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary and what is its func-tion?: ADH
(Antidiuretic Hormone) reabsorbs water to increase blood pressure.
• What regulates the release of ADH?: ADH is regulated by a drop in bloodpressure and
during sleep.
• What is the target tissue for ADH?: Kidney nephron.
• Describe the feedback loop for ADH in response to low blood pressure.: 1. Blood pressure
decline detected by the kidney; 2. Release of renin; 3. RAA pathway occurs; 4. ADH is released
from the posterior pituitary; 5. ADH reclaims H2O, raisingBP; 6. Triggers negative feedback.
• What are Natriuretic Peptides and where are they produced?: NatriureticPeptides are
produced in the heart (atrium) and help decrease blood pressure.
• What regulates the release of Natriuretic Peptides?: Elevated blood pressureand
mechanoreceptors.
• What is the target tissue for Natriuretic Peptides?: Kidney nephron.
• Describe the feedback loop for Natriuretic Peptides in response to in- creased blood
pressure.: 1. Increased stretch of atrial wall; 2. Release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide; 3. Kidney
increases Na+ release; 4. Decrease in Na+ leads todecreased H2O and BP; 5. Triggers negative
feedback.
• What is the function of growth hormone (hGH)?: hGH promotes widespreadtissue growth,
, especially in liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat.
• Where is growth hormone produced and what regulates its release?: - Growth hormone is
produced in the anterior pituitary gland and regulated by GHRHfrom the hypothalamus.
• Describe the feedback loop for growth hormone in response to stress.: 1. Stressors
detected; 2. GHRH released from hypothalamus; 3. GHRH triggers hGH release from anterior
pituitary; 4. hGH promotes tissue growth; 5. Triggers negativefeedback.
• What does cortisol do in response to stress?: Cortisol promotes lipolysis, gluconeogenesis,
protein catabolism, and reduces inflammation.
• Where is cortisol produced and what regulates its release?: Cortisol is produced in the
adrenal cortex and regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus, triggering ACTH release from
the anterior pituitary.
• What are the main actions of cortisol elevation?: Lipolysis in adipose tissue,
gluconeogenesis in the liver, and protein catabolism in the liver.
• Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?: In the adrenalmedulla.
• What regulates the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine?: Thesympathetic
nervous system.
• What are the target tissues for epinephrine and norepinephrine?: Heart,blood vessels,
liver, lungs, and digestive organs.
• What effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have during stress?: Theyelevate heart rate,
blood pressure, and respiration, and convert glycogen into glucose.
• What is the first step in the stress response feedback loop involvingepinephrine and
norepinephrine?: Stressors (distress) trigger the response.
• What hormone is released when blood sugar levels rise?: Insulin.
• What cells produce insulin?: Beta cells in the pancreas.
• What triggers the release of insulin?: Elevated blood glucose levels.
• What is the action of insulin on target tissues?: It absorbs glucose, fattyacids, and amino
acids for storage, lowering blood glucose levels.
• What hormone is released when blood sugar levels drop?: Glucagon.
• What cells produce glucagon?: Alpha cells in the pancreas.
• What regulates the release of glucagon?: A drop in blood glucose levels andrising amino
acid levels.
• What is the action of glucagon on target tissues?: It stimulates gluconeo-genesis and
glycogenolysis, raising blood glucose levels.
• How is Angiotensin II produced?: It is produced mostly in the bloodstream andregulated by
the release of renin from the kidney and low blood pressure.
• What is the target tissue for Angiotensin II?: Smooth muscle in blood vessels.
• Describe the feedback loop for Angiotensin II in response to low bloodpressure.: 1.
Kidney detects drop; 2. Releases renin; 3. Renin converts an- giotensinogen to Angiotensin I;
4. Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II;
5. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction; 6. BP increases; 7. Triggers negativefeedback.
• What is the role of Aldosterone in blood pressure regulation?: Aldosteronereclaims
sodium (Na+) and water, which elevates blood pressure.
• Where is Aldosterone produced and what regulates its release?: Aldos- terone is produced
in the adrenal gland and regulated by a positive feedback loopfrom Angiotensin II and low
blood pressure.
• What is the target tissue for Aldosterone?: Kidney nephron.
• Describe the feedback loop for Aldosterone in response to low sodium levels.: 1. Na+
levels drop, resulting in BP drop; 2. Detected by the kidney; 3. Angiotensin II triggers
Aldosterone release; 4. Aldosterone reclaims Na+; 5. BP goesup; 6. Triggers negative feedback.
• What hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary and what is its func-tion?: ADH
(Antidiuretic Hormone) reabsorbs water to increase blood pressure.
• What regulates the release of ADH?: ADH is regulated by a drop in bloodpressure and
during sleep.
• What is the target tissue for ADH?: Kidney nephron.
• Describe the feedback loop for ADH in response to low blood pressure.: 1. Blood pressure
decline detected by the kidney; 2. Release of renin; 3. RAA pathway occurs; 4. ADH is released
from the posterior pituitary; 5. ADH reclaims H2O, raisingBP; 6. Triggers negative feedback.
• What are Natriuretic Peptides and where are they produced?: NatriureticPeptides are
produced in the heart (atrium) and help decrease blood pressure.
• What regulates the release of Natriuretic Peptides?: Elevated blood pressureand
mechanoreceptors.
• What is the target tissue for Natriuretic Peptides?: Kidney nephron.
• Describe the feedback loop for Natriuretic Peptides in response to in- creased blood
pressure.: 1. Increased stretch of atrial wall; 2. Release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide; 3. Kidney
increases Na+ release; 4. Decrease in Na+ leads todecreased H2O and BP; 5. Triggers negative
feedback.
• What is the function of growth hormone (hGH)?: hGH promotes widespreadtissue growth,
, especially in liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat.
• Where is growth hormone produced and what regulates its release?: - Growth hormone is
produced in the anterior pituitary gland and regulated by GHRHfrom the hypothalamus.
• Describe the feedback loop for growth hormone in response to stress.: 1. Stressors
detected; 2. GHRH released from hypothalamus; 3. GHRH triggers hGH release from anterior
pituitary; 4. hGH promotes tissue growth; 5. Triggers negativefeedback.
• What does cortisol do in response to stress?: Cortisol promotes lipolysis, gluconeogenesis,
protein catabolism, and reduces inflammation.
• Where is cortisol produced and what regulates its release?: Cortisol is produced in the
adrenal cortex and regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus, triggering ACTH release from
the anterior pituitary.
• What are the main actions of cortisol elevation?: Lipolysis in adipose tissue,
gluconeogenesis in the liver, and protein catabolism in the liver.
• Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?: In the adrenalmedulla.
• What regulates the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine?: Thesympathetic
nervous system.
• What are the target tissues for epinephrine and norepinephrine?: Heart,blood vessels,
liver, lungs, and digestive organs.
• What effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have during stress?: Theyelevate heart rate,
blood pressure, and respiration, and convert glycogen into glucose.
• What is the first step in the stress response feedback loop involvingepinephrine and
norepinephrine?: Stressors (distress) trigger the response.
• What hormone is released when blood sugar levels rise?: Insulin.
• What cells produce insulin?: Beta cells in the pancreas.
• What triggers the release of insulin?: Elevated blood glucose levels.
• What is the action of insulin on target tissues?: It absorbs glucose, fattyacids, and amino
acids for storage, lowering blood glucose levels.
• What hormone is released when blood sugar levels drop?: Glucagon.
• What cells produce glucagon?: Alpha cells in the pancreas.
• What regulates the release of glucagon?: A drop in blood glucose levels andrising amino
acid levels.
• What is the action of glucagon on target tissues?: It stimulates gluconeo-genesis and
glycogenolysis, raising blood glucose levels.
