BIOS 256 FINAL EXAM
• Dartos muscle function: "wrinkling" of scrotum to reduce heat loss in coldweather
• Cremaster muscle function: elevates the testes closer to the body in responseto cold
temperatures
• Where is sperm produced?: seminiferous tubules
• FSH function in males: stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis
• LH function in males: "Leydig hormone"
Stimulates testosterone production from Leydig cells of testes
• Where does sperm mature?: Epididymis
• Three parts of male urethra: Prostatic, membranous, and spongy
• Process of spermatogenesis: Spermatogonia (germ cells)-- Primary sperma- tocyte (2n)--
Meiosis I occurs-- Secondary spermatocytes 2 of (n), Meiosis II occurs-- Spermatids 4 of (n)--
Spermiogenesis (production of sperm)
• Semen: Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid. Comes from the secretion of semi- nal
vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland, and seminiferous tubule
• What do the ovaries produce?: estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin, and gametes,
and eggs
• Stages of ovarian follicles: Primordial follicle, Primary follicle, Secondary fol- licle, first
polar body + secondary oocyte, mature follicle ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte
(ovulation)
• Stages of oocyte: Oogonium-- primary oocyte(2n)-- Secondary oocyte (n)+ first polar
body(n)-- Secondary oocyte released-- fertilization by sperm-- ovum--zygote(2n)
• One primary oocyte gives rise to how many ovum?: 1
• One primary spermatocyte produces how many gametes/: 4
• What layer sheds during mensuration?: stratum functionalis
• oxytocin function: uterine contractions and milk ejection
• FSH in females: stimulates development of ovarian follicles and ovulation
• LH in females: stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation
• hCG: secreted by chorion (trophoblast) of the embryo and stimulates the secre-tory
activity of the corpus luteum to continue
• Menstrual cycle: 1. menstrual phase: menstruation lasting about first 5 days
2. preovulatory phase: maturation of follicle
, 3. ovulation: release of secondary oocyte (LH surge brings about ovulation)
4. Postovulatory phase
• Vasectomy: bilateral surgical removal of a part the vas deferens
• Stages of labor: DilationExpulsion
Placental
• Prolatctin: Milk production from glandular cells in breast
• Corpus luteum function: produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhib-in, until it
degenerates into the corpus albicans
• Placenta: A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother'sblood
supply. Formed about week 9, and continues the secretion of progesterone and estrogen to
sustain pregnancy
• Labor chemicals and hormones involved: Estrogen levels rise from the secre-tion of the
placenta. This causes anterior pituitary gland of the fetus to secrete ACTH
(adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH stimulates the production of DHEA which isconverted
into estrogen. High levels of estrogen cause oxytocin to cause uterine contractions and relaxin
to increase flexibility of the pubic symphysis. Contractionscontinue until birth of the baby.
• Saliva: 99.5% water, 0.5% solutes, and digestive enzymes. comes from salivaryglands.
• 4 reactions in cellular respirations: 1. glycolysis: one glucose molecule intotwo pyruvic
acid molecules
2. Formation of acetyl CoA: prepares pyruvic acid for the krebs cycle
3. Krebs cycle: oxidizing acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH
4. Electron transport chain
• Aerobic respirations: when oxygen is present, all 4 normal reactions occur
• Anaerobic respirations: When oxygen is not present, pyruvic acid is convertedinto lactic
acid
• Functions of the kidneys: Excretion of wastesRegulation of blood ionic composition
Regulation of blood pH Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure(renin, increased renin, increased BP)Maintenance of blood
osmolarity
Production of hormones (calcitriol and erythropoietin)Regulation of blood glucose level
• What makes up the filtration membrane?: FenestrationsBasement membrane
Filtration slits between pedicals of podocytes
• Dartos muscle function: "wrinkling" of scrotum to reduce heat loss in coldweather
• Cremaster muscle function: elevates the testes closer to the body in responseto cold
temperatures
• Where is sperm produced?: seminiferous tubules
• FSH function in males: stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis
• LH function in males: "Leydig hormone"
Stimulates testosterone production from Leydig cells of testes
• Where does sperm mature?: Epididymis
• Three parts of male urethra: Prostatic, membranous, and spongy
• Process of spermatogenesis: Spermatogonia (germ cells)-- Primary sperma- tocyte (2n)--
Meiosis I occurs-- Secondary spermatocytes 2 of (n), Meiosis II occurs-- Spermatids 4 of (n)--
Spermiogenesis (production of sperm)
• Semen: Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid. Comes from the secretion of semi- nal
vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland, and seminiferous tubule
• What do the ovaries produce?: estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin, and gametes,
and eggs
• Stages of ovarian follicles: Primordial follicle, Primary follicle, Secondary fol- licle, first
polar body + secondary oocyte, mature follicle ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte
(ovulation)
• Stages of oocyte: Oogonium-- primary oocyte(2n)-- Secondary oocyte (n)+ first polar
body(n)-- Secondary oocyte released-- fertilization by sperm-- ovum--zygote(2n)
• One primary oocyte gives rise to how many ovum?: 1
• One primary spermatocyte produces how many gametes/: 4
• What layer sheds during mensuration?: stratum functionalis
• oxytocin function: uterine contractions and milk ejection
• FSH in females: stimulates development of ovarian follicles and ovulation
• LH in females: stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation
• hCG: secreted by chorion (trophoblast) of the embryo and stimulates the secre-tory
activity of the corpus luteum to continue
• Menstrual cycle: 1. menstrual phase: menstruation lasting about first 5 days
2. preovulatory phase: maturation of follicle
, 3. ovulation: release of secondary oocyte (LH surge brings about ovulation)
4. Postovulatory phase
• Vasectomy: bilateral surgical removal of a part the vas deferens
• Stages of labor: DilationExpulsion
Placental
• Prolatctin: Milk production from glandular cells in breast
• Corpus luteum function: produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhib-in, until it
degenerates into the corpus albicans
• Placenta: A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother'sblood
supply. Formed about week 9, and continues the secretion of progesterone and estrogen to
sustain pregnancy
• Labor chemicals and hormones involved: Estrogen levels rise from the secre-tion of the
placenta. This causes anterior pituitary gland of the fetus to secrete ACTH
(adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH stimulates the production of DHEA which isconverted
into estrogen. High levels of estrogen cause oxytocin to cause uterine contractions and relaxin
to increase flexibility of the pubic symphysis. Contractionscontinue until birth of the baby.
• Saliva: 99.5% water, 0.5% solutes, and digestive enzymes. comes from salivaryglands.
• 4 reactions in cellular respirations: 1. glycolysis: one glucose molecule intotwo pyruvic
acid molecules
2. Formation of acetyl CoA: prepares pyruvic acid for the krebs cycle
3. Krebs cycle: oxidizing acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH
4. Electron transport chain
• Aerobic respirations: when oxygen is present, all 4 normal reactions occur
• Anaerobic respirations: When oxygen is not present, pyruvic acid is convertedinto lactic
acid
• Functions of the kidneys: Excretion of wastesRegulation of blood ionic composition
Regulation of blood pH Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure(renin, increased renin, increased BP)Maintenance of blood
osmolarity
Production of hormones (calcitriol and erythropoietin)Regulation of blood glucose level
• What makes up the filtration membrane?: FenestrationsBasement membrane
Filtration slits between pedicals of podocytes
