BIOS 256 MIDTERM EXAM
1. metabolism: all chemical reactions taking place in the body, affected by exer- cise,
hormones, nervous system, body temp, ingestion of food, age, gender, climate,amount of sleep
or malnutrition.
2. insulin: lowers blood sugar
3. glycogen: deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a poly-saccharide
that forms glucose on hydrolysis.
4. BMR: measure of how much thyroxine the thyroid gland is producing, measuredwith body
in quiet, resting and fasting state.
5. nutrient: chemicals in food used for growth, maintenance and repair (water,carbs, lipids,
proteins, minerals, vitamins)
6. oxidation-reduction reactions: H is transferred, electrons in H convert ADP toATP, 2
conezymes transfer H atoms (NAD, and FAD)
7. lactic acid: in heart muscles
8. thermoreceptors: send info to hypothalamus which sends signals to heat-los-
ing/promoting center of hypothalamus
9. fat soluble: vitamins A, D, E and K. resistent to heat, require fats to be absorbed,excesses can
be harmful
10. water soluble: vitamins B and C. denatured by heat and light, excesses arepeed out, serve
as coenzymes.
11. Vitamin A: make visual pigment, deficiencies cause night blindness, and aweakened
immune system
12. Vitamin B12,: important for normal nerve function, formation of blood, deficien-cies
include anemia, ataxia, memory loss, weakness, and mood disorders
13. Vitamin B (thiamine): neural function, carb metabolism, deficiency: beriberi,muscle
wasting and impaired reflexes.
14. Vitamin C: growth of connective tissues like collage, deficiency: scurvy
15. Vitamin D: calcium absorption, deficiency: long term antibiotic therapy, delayedclotting
16. Folic Acid: synthesize bases used to replicate DNADeficiency -macrocytic anemia-
insufficient RBC
17. Niacin: precursor to NAD (NADH),
Deficiency -Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia)
18. iodine: mineral
19. iron: mineral
, 20. phosphorus: mineral
21. beriberi: loss of appetite and overall lassitude, digestive irregularities, and afeeling of
numbness and weakness in the limbs and extremities
22. celiac disease: ingestion of gluten injures small intestine
23. ureters: transport urine from kidneys to bladder via hydrostatic pressure, wavesor gravity.
24. pyramids: secreting apparatus, tubules that transport urine from the cortical, orouter, part
of the kidney.
25. bladder: can hold up to 700-800 mL.
26. countercurrent multiplication: he process of using energy to generate anosmotic gradient
that enables you to reabsorb water from the tubular fluid and produce concentrated urine.
27. minor calyx: Urine formed in the kidney passes through a renal papilla at theapex
28. major calyx: urine passed from minor calyx into this, and then into the renalsinus
29. Net Filtration Pressure: GBHP - CHP - BCOP
30. vasa recta: series of straight capillaries in the medulla of the kidney
31. renal capsule: covers the outer surface of each kidney
32. nephron: work through a two step process,
33. renal cortex: outer layer
34. anabolism: building up, liver
35. catabolism: breaking down, mouth stomach and duodenum
36. chemical digestion: water added to break chemical bonds, fats carbs and pro-teins
37. mechanical digestion: all movements that facilitate catabolic processes, masti-cation,
swallowing, mixing
38. esophagus: propulsion, moves food into stomach
39. jejunum: middle part of large intestine
40. salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands
41. segmentation: localized contractions of the intestines
42. tongue: located in mouth, forces food into the oropharynx
43. parietal cells: secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
44. absorption: begins in small intestine, passage of digested nutrients into bloodor lymph
45. stomach: 4 main regions, mixes saliva food and gastric juices to form chyme. serves as a
reservoir for food before going to small intestine. secretes gastrin into blood. secretes gastric
juice.
46. valsalva's maneuver: exhaling with nostrils or mouth closed.
1. metabolism: all chemical reactions taking place in the body, affected by exer- cise,
hormones, nervous system, body temp, ingestion of food, age, gender, climate,amount of sleep
or malnutrition.
2. insulin: lowers blood sugar
3. glycogen: deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a poly-saccharide
that forms glucose on hydrolysis.
4. BMR: measure of how much thyroxine the thyroid gland is producing, measuredwith body
in quiet, resting and fasting state.
5. nutrient: chemicals in food used for growth, maintenance and repair (water,carbs, lipids,
proteins, minerals, vitamins)
6. oxidation-reduction reactions: H is transferred, electrons in H convert ADP toATP, 2
conezymes transfer H atoms (NAD, and FAD)
7. lactic acid: in heart muscles
8. thermoreceptors: send info to hypothalamus which sends signals to heat-los-
ing/promoting center of hypothalamus
9. fat soluble: vitamins A, D, E and K. resistent to heat, require fats to be absorbed,excesses can
be harmful
10. water soluble: vitamins B and C. denatured by heat and light, excesses arepeed out, serve
as coenzymes.
11. Vitamin A: make visual pigment, deficiencies cause night blindness, and aweakened
immune system
12. Vitamin B12,: important for normal nerve function, formation of blood, deficien-cies
include anemia, ataxia, memory loss, weakness, and mood disorders
13. Vitamin B (thiamine): neural function, carb metabolism, deficiency: beriberi,muscle
wasting and impaired reflexes.
14. Vitamin C: growth of connective tissues like collage, deficiency: scurvy
15. Vitamin D: calcium absorption, deficiency: long term antibiotic therapy, delayedclotting
16. Folic Acid: synthesize bases used to replicate DNADeficiency -macrocytic anemia-
insufficient RBC
17. Niacin: precursor to NAD (NADH),
Deficiency -Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia)
18. iodine: mineral
19. iron: mineral
, 20. phosphorus: mineral
21. beriberi: loss of appetite and overall lassitude, digestive irregularities, and afeeling of
numbness and weakness in the limbs and extremities
22. celiac disease: ingestion of gluten injures small intestine
23. ureters: transport urine from kidneys to bladder via hydrostatic pressure, wavesor gravity.
24. pyramids: secreting apparatus, tubules that transport urine from the cortical, orouter, part
of the kidney.
25. bladder: can hold up to 700-800 mL.
26. countercurrent multiplication: he process of using energy to generate anosmotic gradient
that enables you to reabsorb water from the tubular fluid and produce concentrated urine.
27. minor calyx: Urine formed in the kidney passes through a renal papilla at theapex
28. major calyx: urine passed from minor calyx into this, and then into the renalsinus
29. Net Filtration Pressure: GBHP - CHP - BCOP
30. vasa recta: series of straight capillaries in the medulla of the kidney
31. renal capsule: covers the outer surface of each kidney
32. nephron: work through a two step process,
33. renal cortex: outer layer
34. anabolism: building up, liver
35. catabolism: breaking down, mouth stomach and duodenum
36. chemical digestion: water added to break chemical bonds, fats carbs and pro-teins
37. mechanical digestion: all movements that facilitate catabolic processes, masti-cation,
swallowing, mixing
38. esophagus: propulsion, moves food into stomach
39. jejunum: middle part of large intestine
40. salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands
41. segmentation: localized contractions of the intestines
42. tongue: located in mouth, forces food into the oropharynx
43. parietal cells: secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
44. absorption: begins in small intestine, passage of digested nutrients into bloodor lymph
45. stomach: 4 main regions, mixes saliva food and gastric juices to form chyme. serves as a
reservoir for food before going to small intestine. secretes gastrin into blood. secretes gastric
juice.
46. valsalva's maneuver: exhaling with nostrils or mouth closed.
