BIOS 256 WEEK 4 THE URINARY SYSTEM
1. How much filtrate is produced on a daily basis in a healthy adult?
2.5 milliliters (mL)
2.5 liters (L)
1800 liters (L)
180 liters (L)
180 milliliters (mL): 180 liters (L)
2. Which pressure is the driving force for fluid to enter the glomerular cap-sule?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Capsular colloid osmotic pressure
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure: Blood hydrostatic pressure
The driving force of fluid into the glomerular capsule is blood hydrostatic pressure.The blood
colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure (technically could also be called
the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure) would resist this movement. Though there is some
capsular colloid osmotic pressure present, it wouldnot be the driving force for the fluid.
3. Which would result in an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?Increased
parasympathetic activity
A decrease in the availability of nitric oxide
Decreased sympathetic activity
Increased levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Increased levels of angiotensin II: Decreased sympathetic activity.
To increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood flow must increase to the glomeru-lus and the
endothelium of the glomerulus must become more permeable.
Nitric oxide is a vasodilator and inhibiting it would prevent dilation. Adenosine triphos-phate
(ATP) is converted into adenosine to activate the juxtaglomerular apparatusand decrease
GFR. Angiotensin II is a vasopressor and causes the blood vessels to constrict, not dilate.
Parasympathetic activity does not seem to affect the kidneys,but if sympathetic innervation is
decreased, it would increase GFR.
,4. Which region of the nephron is impermeable to water?Ascending nephron loop
Glomerulus
Descending nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule: Ascending nephron loop.
Water is able to pass through all of these structures with the exception of theascending
nephron loop.
Water can be filtered through the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT), distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and descending nephronloop.
5. The secretion of which ion will allow the nephrons to increase blood pH?Calcium
Bicarbonate Phosphate Hydrogen Ammonia: Hydrogen
The two primary ions associated with the blood potential of hydrogen (pH) are hydrogen and
bicarbonate. However, it is the secretion of hydrogen into the renaltubule that will result in a
net increase in the pH of blood.
6. Which is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Water
Creatinine
Sodium (Na+) ion
Glucose
Potassium (K+) ion: Creatinine
Creatinine is secreted as a metabolic waste product in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
using the antiport mechanism and is not reabsorbed by the PCT. Theother substances are
reabsorbed by the PCT.
7. Chloride ions are reabsorbed in the ascending nephron loop viasimple diffusion
facilitated diffusionactive transport
symport transport with Na+ and K+ ionsantiport transport for bicarbonate ion
proton pump.: symport transport with Na+ and K+ ions
, Chloride ions are reabsorbed in the ascending nephron loop via symport transport with
sodium and potassium ions.
They do not follow any of the other mechanismsof transport.
8. Which substance is not normally found in the filtrate?
Glucose
Urea
Water
Chloride ions
Protein: Protein
The filtrate is formed via passage of substances through the filtration membranes of
the renal corpuscle. Anything smaller than proteins (water, chloride ions, glucose,urea) can
pass through, but most proteins are stopped from entering the tubule.
Thus, of these options, only protein cannot pass through.
9. If one says that the clearance value of glucose is nearly zero, what doesthis mean?
The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult.
The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood.
The client has diabetes.
Nearly 100% of glucose is reabsorbed.
Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in theconvoluted
tubules.: Nearly 100% of glucose is reabsorbed.
When a substance has a clearance rate of 0 or near 0, then the majority of the substance was
either reabsorbed or never entered the nephron in the first place. Glucose is small enough to
enter the filtrate initially and, thus, it has to have beennearly completely reabsorbed.
The clearance value of glucose should be relatively low in healthy adults and if it iselevated
(glucosuria), then the client may have diabetes.
10. Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate isaccomplished by
facilitated diffusionpassive transport antiport transport symport transport
simple diffusion.: symport transport
1. How much filtrate is produced on a daily basis in a healthy adult?
2.5 milliliters (mL)
2.5 liters (L)
1800 liters (L)
180 liters (L)
180 milliliters (mL): 180 liters (L)
2. Which pressure is the driving force for fluid to enter the glomerular cap-sule?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Capsular colloid osmotic pressure
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure: Blood hydrostatic pressure
The driving force of fluid into the glomerular capsule is blood hydrostatic pressure.The blood
colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure (technically could also be called
the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure) would resist this movement. Though there is some
capsular colloid osmotic pressure present, it wouldnot be the driving force for the fluid.
3. Which would result in an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?Increased
parasympathetic activity
A decrease in the availability of nitric oxide
Decreased sympathetic activity
Increased levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Increased levels of angiotensin II: Decreased sympathetic activity.
To increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood flow must increase to the glomeru-lus and the
endothelium of the glomerulus must become more permeable.
Nitric oxide is a vasodilator and inhibiting it would prevent dilation. Adenosine triphos-phate
(ATP) is converted into adenosine to activate the juxtaglomerular apparatusand decrease
GFR. Angiotensin II is a vasopressor and causes the blood vessels to constrict, not dilate.
Parasympathetic activity does not seem to affect the kidneys,but if sympathetic innervation is
decreased, it would increase GFR.
,4. Which region of the nephron is impermeable to water?Ascending nephron loop
Glomerulus
Descending nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule: Ascending nephron loop.
Water is able to pass through all of these structures with the exception of theascending
nephron loop.
Water can be filtered through the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT), distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and descending nephronloop.
5. The secretion of which ion will allow the nephrons to increase blood pH?Calcium
Bicarbonate Phosphate Hydrogen Ammonia: Hydrogen
The two primary ions associated with the blood potential of hydrogen (pH) are hydrogen and
bicarbonate. However, it is the secretion of hydrogen into the renaltubule that will result in a
net increase in the pH of blood.
6. Which is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Water
Creatinine
Sodium (Na+) ion
Glucose
Potassium (K+) ion: Creatinine
Creatinine is secreted as a metabolic waste product in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
using the antiport mechanism and is not reabsorbed by the PCT. Theother substances are
reabsorbed by the PCT.
7. Chloride ions are reabsorbed in the ascending nephron loop viasimple diffusion
facilitated diffusionactive transport
symport transport with Na+ and K+ ionsantiport transport for bicarbonate ion
proton pump.: symport transport with Na+ and K+ ions
, Chloride ions are reabsorbed in the ascending nephron loop via symport transport with
sodium and potassium ions.
They do not follow any of the other mechanismsof transport.
8. Which substance is not normally found in the filtrate?
Glucose
Urea
Water
Chloride ions
Protein: Protein
The filtrate is formed via passage of substances through the filtration membranes of
the renal corpuscle. Anything smaller than proteins (water, chloride ions, glucose,urea) can
pass through, but most proteins are stopped from entering the tubule.
Thus, of these options, only protein cannot pass through.
9. If one says that the clearance value of glucose is nearly zero, what doesthis mean?
The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult.
The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood.
The client has diabetes.
Nearly 100% of glucose is reabsorbed.
Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in theconvoluted
tubules.: Nearly 100% of glucose is reabsorbed.
When a substance has a clearance rate of 0 or near 0, then the majority of the substance was
either reabsorbed or never entered the nephron in the first place. Glucose is small enough to
enter the filtrate initially and, thus, it has to have beennearly completely reabsorbed.
The clearance value of glucose should be relatively low in healthy adults and if it iselevated
(glucosuria), then the client may have diabetes.
10. Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate isaccomplished by
facilitated diffusionpassive transport antiport transport symport transport
simple diffusion.: symport transport
