WGU D236 pathophysiology Exam
-Study Guide-With 100% verified
answers-2025-2026
Patho,. OA,. Study,. Guide
1. What,.is,.Starling's,.Law,.of,.Capillary,.forces?,.How,
.does,.this,.explain,.why,.a,.nutritionally,.deficient,.ch
ild,.would,.have,.edema?
Starling’s, . Law, . describes, . how,. fluids, . move, . across, . the, . capillary, . membrane.
There,.are,.two,.major,.opposing,.forces,.that,.act,.to,.balance,.each,.other,, . hy
drostatic, . pressure, . (pushing, . water, . out, . of, . the, . capillaries), . and, . osmotic
,.pressure,.(including,.oncontic,.pressure,,.which,.pushes,.fluid,.into,.the,.capilla
ries).,.Both,.electrolytes,.and,.proteins,.(oncontic,.pressure),.in,.the,.blood,.affe
ct,.osmotic,.pressure,,.high,.electrolyte,.and,.protein,.concentrations,.in,.the,.bl
ood,.would,.cause,.water,.to,.leave,.the,.cells,.and,.interstitial,.space,.and,.ente
r,.the,.blood,.stream,.to,.dilute,.the,.high,.concentrations.,.On,,.the,.other,.hand
,,.low,.electrolyte,.and,.protein,.concentrations,.(as,.seen,.in,.a,.nutritionally,.de
ficient,.child),.would,.cause,.water,.to,.leave,.the,.capillaries,.and,.enter,.the,.c
ells,.and,.interstitial,.fluid,.which,.can,.lead,.to,.edema.
2. How,.does,.the,.RAAS,.(Renin-Angiotensin-
,.Aldosterone,.System) ,.result,.in,.increased,.blo
od,.volume,.and,.increased,.blood,.pressure?
A,.drop,.in,.blood,.pressure,.is,.sensed,.by,.the,.kidneys,.by,.low,.perfusi
on,,.which,.in,.turn,.begins,.to,.secrete,.renin.,.Renin,.then,.triggers,.the,.liver,.to
,.produce,.angiotensinogen,,.which,.is,.converted,.to,.Angiotensin,.I,.in,.the,.lu
ngs,.and,.then,.angiotensin,.II,.by,.the,.enzyme,.Angiotensin-
converting,.enzyme,.(ACE).
Angiotensin,.II,.stimulates,.peripheral,.arterial,.vasoconstriction,.which,.raises,.B
P.,.Angiotensin, . II,.is, . also,.stimulating, . the,.adrenal, . gland,.to,.release, . aldost
erone,
,which,.acts,.to,.increase,.sodium,.and,.water,.reabsorption,.increasing,.blood
, . volume,,.while,.also,.increased,.potassium,.secretion,.in,.urine.
3. How,.can,.hyperkalemia,.lead,.to,.cardiac,.arrest?
Normal,.levels,.of,.potassium,.are,.between,.3.5,.and,.5.2,.mEq/dL., . Hyper
kalemia,.refers,.to,.potassium,.levels,.higher,.that,.5.2,.mEq/dL.,.A,.major,.functi
on,.of,.potassium,.is,.to,.conduct,.nerve, . impulses, . in, . muscles., . Too, . low, . and,
.muscle, . weakness, . occurs, . and, . too, . much, . can, . cause, . muscle, . spasms., . Th
is, . is,.especially, . dangerous, . in, . the, . heart, . muscle, . and, . an, . irregular, . heartb
eat,. can, . cause,.a,.heart,.attack.
4. The,.body,.uses,.the,.Protein,.Buffering,.System,,.
Phosphate,.Buffering,.System,,.and,.Carbonic,.Acid
-
,.Bicarbonate ,.System,.to,.regulate ,.and,.maintain,.
homeostatic,.pH,,.what,.is,.the,.consequence,.of,.a,.
pH,.imbalance?
Proteins,.contain,.many,.acidic,.and,.basic,.group,.that,.can,.be,.affecte
d,.by,.pH,.changes.,.Any,.increase,.or,.decrease,.in,.blood,.pH,.can,.alter,.the,.s
tructure,.of,.the,.protein,.(denature),,.thereby,.affecting,.its,.function,.as,.wel
l.
5. Describe,.the,.laboratory,.findings,.associated,.wit
h,.metabolic
Want,.to,.earn,.$103,.per,.month?
,acidosis,,.metabolic,.alkalosis,,.respiratory,.acidosi
s,.and,.respiratory,.alkalosis.,.(ie,.relative,.pH,.and,.
CO2,.levels).
, Want,.to,.earn,.$103,.per,.month?
-Study Guide-With 100% verified
answers-2025-2026
Patho,. OA,. Study,. Guide
1. What,.is,.Starling's,.Law,.of,.Capillary,.forces?,.How,
.does,.this,.explain,.why,.a,.nutritionally,.deficient,.ch
ild,.would,.have,.edema?
Starling’s, . Law, . describes, . how,. fluids, . move, . across, . the, . capillary, . membrane.
There,.are,.two,.major,.opposing,.forces,.that,.act,.to,.balance,.each,.other,, . hy
drostatic, . pressure, . (pushing, . water, . out, . of, . the, . capillaries), . and, . osmotic
,.pressure,.(including,.oncontic,.pressure,,.which,.pushes,.fluid,.into,.the,.capilla
ries).,.Both,.electrolytes,.and,.proteins,.(oncontic,.pressure),.in,.the,.blood,.affe
ct,.osmotic,.pressure,,.high,.electrolyte,.and,.protein,.concentrations,.in,.the,.bl
ood,.would,.cause,.water,.to,.leave,.the,.cells,.and,.interstitial,.space,.and,.ente
r,.the,.blood,.stream,.to,.dilute,.the,.high,.concentrations.,.On,,.the,.other,.hand
,,.low,.electrolyte,.and,.protein,.concentrations,.(as,.seen,.in,.a,.nutritionally,.de
ficient,.child),.would,.cause,.water,.to,.leave,.the,.capillaries,.and,.enter,.the,.c
ells,.and,.interstitial,.fluid,.which,.can,.lead,.to,.edema.
2. How,.does,.the,.RAAS,.(Renin-Angiotensin-
,.Aldosterone,.System) ,.result,.in,.increased,.blo
od,.volume,.and,.increased,.blood,.pressure?
A,.drop,.in,.blood,.pressure,.is,.sensed,.by,.the,.kidneys,.by,.low,.perfusi
on,,.which,.in,.turn,.begins,.to,.secrete,.renin.,.Renin,.then,.triggers,.the,.liver,.to
,.produce,.angiotensinogen,,.which,.is,.converted,.to,.Angiotensin,.I,.in,.the,.lu
ngs,.and,.then,.angiotensin,.II,.by,.the,.enzyme,.Angiotensin-
converting,.enzyme,.(ACE).
Angiotensin,.II,.stimulates,.peripheral,.arterial,.vasoconstriction,.which,.raises,.B
P.,.Angiotensin, . II,.is, . also,.stimulating, . the,.adrenal, . gland,.to,.release, . aldost
erone,
,which,.acts,.to,.increase,.sodium,.and,.water,.reabsorption,.increasing,.blood
, . volume,,.while,.also,.increased,.potassium,.secretion,.in,.urine.
3. How,.can,.hyperkalemia,.lead,.to,.cardiac,.arrest?
Normal,.levels,.of,.potassium,.are,.between,.3.5,.and,.5.2,.mEq/dL., . Hyper
kalemia,.refers,.to,.potassium,.levels,.higher,.that,.5.2,.mEq/dL.,.A,.major,.functi
on,.of,.potassium,.is,.to,.conduct,.nerve, . impulses, . in, . muscles., . Too, . low, . and,
.muscle, . weakness, . occurs, . and, . too, . much, . can, . cause, . muscle, . spasms., . Th
is, . is,.especially, . dangerous, . in, . the, . heart, . muscle, . and, . an, . irregular, . heartb
eat,. can, . cause,.a,.heart,.attack.
4. The,.body,.uses,.the,.Protein,.Buffering,.System,,.
Phosphate,.Buffering,.System,,.and,.Carbonic,.Acid
-
,.Bicarbonate ,.System,.to,.regulate ,.and,.maintain,.
homeostatic,.pH,,.what,.is,.the,.consequence,.of,.a,.
pH,.imbalance?
Proteins,.contain,.many,.acidic,.and,.basic,.group,.that,.can,.be,.affecte
d,.by,.pH,.changes.,.Any,.increase,.or,.decrease,.in,.blood,.pH,.can,.alter,.the,.s
tructure,.of,.the,.protein,.(denature),,.thereby,.affecting,.its,.function,.as,.wel
l.
5. Describe,.the,.laboratory,.findings,.associated,.wit
h,.metabolic
Want,.to,.earn,.$103,.per,.month?
,acidosis,,.metabolic,.alkalosis,,.respiratory,.acidosi
s,.and,.respiratory,.alkalosis.,.(ie,.relative,.pH,.and,.
CO2,.levels).
, Want,.to,.earn,.$103,.per,.month?
