IGCSE Geography Crash Notes (2025 Edition)
By YJ’s Study Hub
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1
,Population 8
Definitions: 8
DTM - Demographic Transition model 9
Stage 1 9
Stage 2 10
Stage 3 10
ly
Stage 4 10
On
Stage 5 10
Overpopulation 10
Why LEDCS have high Birth Rate 11
se
Why Birth rate is lower 11
lU
Why death rates are different in different countries 12
na
Why MEDCs are concerned with low birth rates 12
Difficulties of Migrants 12
o
Why negative net migration rs 13
Problems with large number of immigrants 13
pe
Pull factors migration: 14
Case studies 14
or
One child policy 14
-F
Overpopulation: Bangladesh 15
Underpopulation: Australia 16
b
Ageing population: Japan 16
Hu
Migration Mexico to USA 19
Impacts of migration on the country of origin - Mexico 20
y
ud
Impacts of migration on the country of destination - U.S.A. 21
Settlements 22
St
Definitions 22
Why Urban Growth Happens 22
's
Push Factors (Rural → Urban) 22
YJ
Pull Factors (Cities attract migrants) 22
Case Study - Urban Problems & Solutions 23
Case Study 1: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (LEDC) 23
Case Study 2: London, UK (MEDC) 23
Plate tectonics 24
Types of plate boundaries 24
2
, Types of crusts 24
Structure of the earth 25
Volcanoes 26
Structure of a volcano 26
Types of volcanoes 26
Volcanic eruption features 27
ly
Formation of volcano 27
On
Convergent 27
Divergent 27
Hot Spot 28
se
Earthquake 29
lU
Earthquake steps 29
na
Distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes 29
Effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions 29
o
Opportunities of Volcanoes rs 30
Reasons for Living in Hazardous Regions 30
pe
Buildings how earthquake proofed 30
Case study 31
or
The Haiti Earthquake of 2010 31
-F
The Eldfell volcano 32
Rivers 34
b
Drainage basin 35
Hu
River Processes 35
Erosion 35
y
ud
3S, 1T 36
Deposition 37
St
The Bradshaw Model 38
's
Long profile 39
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Cross Profile 39
Upper Course 39
Middle Course 40
Lower Course 40
River Landforms 41
Waterfall 42
3
, V-shaped valleys 42
Interlocking spurs 43
Meanders 44
Oxbow lakes 45
Floodplains and Levees 46
Formation of delta 46
ly
River Hazards 47
On
River opportunities 47
River Flooding 48
Factors that affects river discharge 48
se
Factors that increase Flooding 48
lU
Managing floods techniques 50
na
Case study 51
Yangtze River - China 51
o
Indus River- Pakistan rs 54
Coasts 57
pe
Definitions: 57
Waves 57
or
Constructive waves 57
-F
Destructive waves 57
Longshore drift 58
b
Marine Deposition 59
Hu
Erosional Landforms 60
Cliffs and wave-cut platforms 60
y
ud
Headland and Bay 60
Caves, arches and stacks 62
St
Different erosion speeds due to 63
's
Depositional Landforms 63
YJ
Spit 63
Bar 64
Lagoon 64
Tombolo 65
Barrier Island 65
Sand Dunes 65
4
By YJ’s Study Hub
ly
On
se
lU
o na
rs
pe
or
-F
b
y Hu
ud
St
's
YJ
1
,Population 8
Definitions: 8
DTM - Demographic Transition model 9
Stage 1 9
Stage 2 10
Stage 3 10
ly
Stage 4 10
On
Stage 5 10
Overpopulation 10
Why LEDCS have high Birth Rate 11
se
Why Birth rate is lower 11
lU
Why death rates are different in different countries 12
na
Why MEDCs are concerned with low birth rates 12
Difficulties of Migrants 12
o
Why negative net migration rs 13
Problems with large number of immigrants 13
pe
Pull factors migration: 14
Case studies 14
or
One child policy 14
-F
Overpopulation: Bangladesh 15
Underpopulation: Australia 16
b
Ageing population: Japan 16
Hu
Migration Mexico to USA 19
Impacts of migration on the country of origin - Mexico 20
y
ud
Impacts of migration on the country of destination - U.S.A. 21
Settlements 22
St
Definitions 22
Why Urban Growth Happens 22
's
Push Factors (Rural → Urban) 22
YJ
Pull Factors (Cities attract migrants) 22
Case Study - Urban Problems & Solutions 23
Case Study 1: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (LEDC) 23
Case Study 2: London, UK (MEDC) 23
Plate tectonics 24
Types of plate boundaries 24
2
, Types of crusts 24
Structure of the earth 25
Volcanoes 26
Structure of a volcano 26
Types of volcanoes 26
Volcanic eruption features 27
ly
Formation of volcano 27
On
Convergent 27
Divergent 27
Hot Spot 28
se
Earthquake 29
lU
Earthquake steps 29
na
Distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes 29
Effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions 29
o
Opportunities of Volcanoes rs 30
Reasons for Living in Hazardous Regions 30
pe
Buildings how earthquake proofed 30
Case study 31
or
The Haiti Earthquake of 2010 31
-F
The Eldfell volcano 32
Rivers 34
b
Drainage basin 35
Hu
River Processes 35
Erosion 35
y
ud
3S, 1T 36
Deposition 37
St
The Bradshaw Model 38
's
Long profile 39
YJ
Cross Profile 39
Upper Course 39
Middle Course 40
Lower Course 40
River Landforms 41
Waterfall 42
3
, V-shaped valleys 42
Interlocking spurs 43
Meanders 44
Oxbow lakes 45
Floodplains and Levees 46
Formation of delta 46
ly
River Hazards 47
On
River opportunities 47
River Flooding 48
Factors that affects river discharge 48
se
Factors that increase Flooding 48
lU
Managing floods techniques 50
na
Case study 51
Yangtze River - China 51
o
Indus River- Pakistan rs 54
Coasts 57
pe
Definitions: 57
Waves 57
or
Constructive waves 57
-F
Destructive waves 57
Longshore drift 58
b
Marine Deposition 59
Hu
Erosional Landforms 60
Cliffs and wave-cut platforms 60
y
ud
Headland and Bay 60
Caves, arches and stacks 62
St
Different erosion speeds due to 63
's
Depositional Landforms 63
YJ
Spit 63
Bar 64
Lagoon 64
Tombolo 65
Barrier Island 65
Sand Dunes 65
4
