HOW TO PASS YOUR FINAL EXAM PSYC 388 - Introduction to Counselling
June 2025 Athabasca University
Chapter 1
1.
What did many of the first counsellors have a background in?
• Teaching
• Social Reformers
• Advocates
2.
What was John Krumboltz known for?
Revolution of Counselling (1966)
3.
Moral Therapy Movement in France to Canada in 1850, promoted
Best Practice
4.
What year did Canadian Guidance Counsellors Association come into play?
1965
Dr. Myrne B
5.
What does Social Work promote?
• Human Rights
• Social Justice
• Advocacy
6.
What was Eric Clearinghouse known for?
Counselling and Personal Services (CAPS)
7.
Counselling is relatively new. What years did it come into practice / play?
1890’s and early 1900’s
8.
Today professional counselling focuses on?
• Growth
• Wellness
• Remediation of Mental Disorders
9.
What wars had a significant impact on counselling?
World War 1 and World War 2
10.
What 3 psychologists were responsible for publishing the bulletin which was formed into the Canadian
Journal of Psychology?
Bolt, Humphrey and Liddy
11.
Newer postmodern approaches to counselling and history is not given much weight. It uses & approaches
,and is sacrosanct.
, Psychoanalytic
Psychodynamic
12.
What was significant about the late 1930’s?
This was the time of WWII and counselling was available to select and classify military personnel
13.
What was the importance of counselling in the 1990’s?
• 1992: Writing of multicultural competencies and standards by
• Sue, Arredondo and Davis
• which mainly applied to counselling people of color and then expanded to people with disabilities
• Counsellors became more aware of social factors important to development and maintence of
mental disorders / health and contextual is. Factors including spirituality, family environment,
socioeconomic considerations, impact of groups / group work and prevention.
14.
What are some important concepts / points for counsellors?
• Counselling deals with wellness, personal growth, career and pathological concerns
• Counselling is conducted with persons who are considered to be functioning well and those who
are having more serious problems
• Theory based
• Process that may be developmental or intervening
15.
What was significant about the 1980’s?
• Counselling became more diversified
• Mental health counsellors and community agency counsellors were developed
• Emphasis on human growth and development.
• 1st counselling section of CPA formed 1986
• Erik Erikson’s first 5 stages of human life development formulated and there was a growth
around gender issues and sexual preferences
16.
Key Points of Counselling before the 1900’s
• Form most often in advice or information
• US —> developed out of humanitarian concern to improve lives of those adversely affected by
the Industrial Revolution of mid to late 1800’s
• Social welfare reform (aka social justice), public education and various changes in population
makeup influenced growth of profession
• Humanitarian concerns —> influenced early child and youth development
17.
What took place in counselling in 1900 - 1909?
• Mental Health Movement & Vocational Guidance Movement
• Vocational guidance was important for dealing with problems from industrial revolution
• Humane mental health treatment was also increased
• ** Frank Parsons and Clifford Beers
18.
Before the 1950’s what were the 4 main theories emphasized by counsellors?
1. Psychoanalysis and insight theory - Freud
2. Trait factor or directive theory - Williamson
, 3. Humanistic & client centered theories - Rogers
4. Behavioral Theories - Skinner
19.
What was significant in the 1940’s?
• Canadian Vocational Guidance Counsellors began to replace teachers in the areas of testing
and counselling
• Post-secondary counselling emerged after WWII
20.
What was the purpose of the Smith-Hughes Act of
It provided funding to support vocational education.
21.
What were the 8 major subject areas counsellors should be knowledgeable to be certified on a national level
of standardized tests as per the National Board for Certified Counsellors (NBCC) (1982)?
1. Human growth and development
2. Social and cultural foundations
3. Helping
relationships 4.Groups
5.Lifestyle / career development 6.Appraisal
7.Research and evaluations
8.Professional orientation
22.
When counselling first came into existence, what was its primary purpose?
• Child Welfare
• Education
• Vocational Guidance
• Legal Reform
23.
CCPA stands for?
Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association
24.
What year did literature in counselling arise?
1931
25.
Psychotherapy, especially analytically based therapy emphasizes?
• the past more than the present
• insight more than change
• the detachment of the therapist
• the therapists role as an expert
26.
Counselling centres on the following?
Development issues
Overcoming specific problems Coping better
with a crisis situation
June 2025 Athabasca University
Chapter 1
1.
What did many of the first counsellors have a background in?
• Teaching
• Social Reformers
• Advocates
2.
What was John Krumboltz known for?
Revolution of Counselling (1966)
3.
Moral Therapy Movement in France to Canada in 1850, promoted
Best Practice
4.
What year did Canadian Guidance Counsellors Association come into play?
1965
Dr. Myrne B
5.
What does Social Work promote?
• Human Rights
• Social Justice
• Advocacy
6.
What was Eric Clearinghouse known for?
Counselling and Personal Services (CAPS)
7.
Counselling is relatively new. What years did it come into practice / play?
1890’s and early 1900’s
8.
Today professional counselling focuses on?
• Growth
• Wellness
• Remediation of Mental Disorders
9.
What wars had a significant impact on counselling?
World War 1 and World War 2
10.
What 3 psychologists were responsible for publishing the bulletin which was formed into the Canadian
Journal of Psychology?
Bolt, Humphrey and Liddy
11.
Newer postmodern approaches to counselling and history is not given much weight. It uses & approaches
,and is sacrosanct.
, Psychoanalytic
Psychodynamic
12.
What was significant about the late 1930’s?
This was the time of WWII and counselling was available to select and classify military personnel
13.
What was the importance of counselling in the 1990’s?
• 1992: Writing of multicultural competencies and standards by
• Sue, Arredondo and Davis
• which mainly applied to counselling people of color and then expanded to people with disabilities
• Counsellors became more aware of social factors important to development and maintence of
mental disorders / health and contextual is. Factors including spirituality, family environment,
socioeconomic considerations, impact of groups / group work and prevention.
14.
What are some important concepts / points for counsellors?
• Counselling deals with wellness, personal growth, career and pathological concerns
• Counselling is conducted with persons who are considered to be functioning well and those who
are having more serious problems
• Theory based
• Process that may be developmental or intervening
15.
What was significant about the 1980’s?
• Counselling became more diversified
• Mental health counsellors and community agency counsellors were developed
• Emphasis on human growth and development.
• 1st counselling section of CPA formed 1986
• Erik Erikson’s first 5 stages of human life development formulated and there was a growth
around gender issues and sexual preferences
16.
Key Points of Counselling before the 1900’s
• Form most often in advice or information
• US —> developed out of humanitarian concern to improve lives of those adversely affected by
the Industrial Revolution of mid to late 1800’s
• Social welfare reform (aka social justice), public education and various changes in population
makeup influenced growth of profession
• Humanitarian concerns —> influenced early child and youth development
17.
What took place in counselling in 1900 - 1909?
• Mental Health Movement & Vocational Guidance Movement
• Vocational guidance was important for dealing with problems from industrial revolution
• Humane mental health treatment was also increased
• ** Frank Parsons and Clifford Beers
18.
Before the 1950’s what were the 4 main theories emphasized by counsellors?
1. Psychoanalysis and insight theory - Freud
2. Trait factor or directive theory - Williamson
, 3. Humanistic & client centered theories - Rogers
4. Behavioral Theories - Skinner
19.
What was significant in the 1940’s?
• Canadian Vocational Guidance Counsellors began to replace teachers in the areas of testing
and counselling
• Post-secondary counselling emerged after WWII
20.
What was the purpose of the Smith-Hughes Act of
It provided funding to support vocational education.
21.
What were the 8 major subject areas counsellors should be knowledgeable to be certified on a national level
of standardized tests as per the National Board for Certified Counsellors (NBCC) (1982)?
1. Human growth and development
2. Social and cultural foundations
3. Helping
relationships 4.Groups
5.Lifestyle / career development 6.Appraisal
7.Research and evaluations
8.Professional orientation
22.
When counselling first came into existence, what was its primary purpose?
• Child Welfare
• Education
• Vocational Guidance
• Legal Reform
23.
CCPA stands for?
Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association
24.
What year did literature in counselling arise?
1931
25.
Psychotherapy, especially analytically based therapy emphasizes?
• the past more than the present
• insight more than change
• the detachment of the therapist
• the therapists role as an expert
26.
Counselling centres on the following?
Development issues
Overcoming specific problems Coping better
with a crisis situation
