TAMU Biol 319 Lab 7 Questions and Verified Solutions
inborn and learned - ✔✔What are the two types of reflexes? sends information to CNS
where it is processed - ✔✔What are sensory neurons? send information to effectors that
produce a response appropriate to situation - ✔✔What are motor neurons? reflexes -
✔✔What is an example of a stimulus response reaction? result from repetition - ✔✔What
are learned reflexes? skills needed to drive a car where practice is automatic and
subconscious - ✔✔What is an example of a learned reflex? rapid, predictable, involuntary,
and unlearned motor response to stimulus, and part of all neural pathways - ✔✔What is an
inborn reflex? breathing, maintaining posture, controlling viscera, avoiding pain - ✔✔What
do inborn reflexes allow us to do? primitive regions of central nervous system like spinal
cord and brain stem - ✔✔What are visceral inborn reflexes regulated by? tendon under
kneecap produces kneejerk - ✔✔What is a myotatic reflex? receptor that senses the
stimulates and initiates a the signal, sensory neuron that carries afferent nerve impulses to
CNS, integration center where signal is processed, motor neuron that carries efferent
signals to effector from integration center, effector generates a response to signal -
✔✔What are the 5 parts of all reflex arcs? single synapse between a motor and sensory
neuron that serves as integration center - ✔✔What is a monosynaptic reflex? integration
center will include a few synapses and interneurons - ✔✔What is a polysynaptic relfex?
central nervous system - ✔✔What is the integration center for most reflexes? muscle
spindle stimulated - ✔✔What is the first step of a monosynaptic reflex? sensory afferent
neuron excited - ✔✔What is the second step of a monosynaptic reflex? integration center
stimulated - ✔✔What is the third step of a monosynaptic reflex? alpha motor neuron
(effector) stimulates extensor muscle to contract - ✔✔What is the fourth step of a
monosynaptic reflex? flexor contract and extensor relaxes to withdraw foot - ✔✔What is
the first step of a polysynaptic reflex? extensor contracts and flexor relaxes in contralateral
leg to support weight - ✔✔What is the second step of a polysynaptic reflex? activates
skeletal muscle - ✔✔What is a somatic reflex? controls visceral effectors such as smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, or gland - ✔✔What is an autonomic reflex? do not involve higher
brain centers to function but can help to receive communication - ✔✔What are spinal
reflexes? pathological damage to nervous system - ✔✔What do distorted, exagerrated, or
absent reflexes indicate? help coordinate smooth movements of skeletal muscle groups -
✔✔What is the purpose of stretch and tendon reflexes? convey information about muscle
length or the amount of stretch - ✔✔What is the purpose of muscle spindles in skeletal
muscle? convey information about tendon tension to inform the central nervous system for
, the regulation of these reflexes - ✔✔What is the purpose of the golgi tendon organs?
tendon organs and muscle spindles - ✔✔What are 2 examples of proprioceptors? supply
information to the central nervous system about the body's position in space and how
much a muscle has moved, or not moved as well as its insertion - ✔✔What is
proprioception? 3-10 modified skeletal muscle muscle fibers - ✔✔What is the anatomy of
muscle spindles? intrafusal muscle fibers - ✔✔What are the fibers within a muscle spindle
called? regular muscle fibers surrounding muscle spindle - ✔✔What are extrafusal muscle
fibers? connective tissue sheaith - ✔✔Within a muscle spindle, the intrafusal muscle
fibers are enclosed by what? noncontractile because they lack myofilaments - ✔✔What is
the sensory component center of intrafusal fibers? endings of large axons which wrap
around the center of the muscle spindle and are stimulated by the degree of stretch and
rate of stretch - ✔✔What are anulospiral endings? smaller axons that supply the ends of
the muscle spindles and are only stimulated in response to the amount of stretch -
✔✔What are flower spray endings? located in small motor neurons of spinal cord ventral
horn which innervate contractile ends of intrafusal fibers to stimulate them to contract as
the rest of the muscle contracts - ✔✔What is the purpose of gamma efferent fibers?
gamma efferent fibers - ✔✔What maintains tension in intrafusal fibers? large alpha motor
neurons stimulate contraction in extrafusal fibers - ✔✔What are efferent fibers? muscle
spindle is stretched when the muscle lengthens such as when weight is applied or
antagonistic muscle contracts - ✔✔What is external stretch? gamma motor neurons can
also cause the intrafusal fiber ends to contract which will stretch spindle's middle -
✔✔What is internal stretch? causes anulospiral and flower spray endings to fire at an
increased rate - ✔✔What happens when the muscle's spindle is stretched? occurs as
descending motor pathway fibers synapse with alpha and gamma motor neurons to cause
the extrafusal fibers and intrafusal fiber ends to simultaneously contract to maintain
tendon - ✔✔What is alpha-gamma coactivation? sends signals so that reflective
movements will be coordinated and smooth under normal circumstances - ✔✔How does
the brain contribute in relation to controlling the sensitivity of the muscle spindles? can
cause spindle to stretch and become more sensitive or inhibit gamma neurons to cause
the spindle to loosen and become insensitive - ✔✔What can the brain do with regard to
gamma neurons? during difficult or fast movements such as balancing on one foot -
✔✔When does the brain increase gamma motor output? high degree of motion such as to
toss a football - ✔✔When does the brain decrease and inhibit the stretch reflexes? single
synapses between sensory axons and motor neurons - ✔✔How is a myotatic reflex
produced? spinal cord - ✔✔What is the central circuitry for the myotatic reflex? 4 -
inborn and learned - ✔✔What are the two types of reflexes? sends information to CNS
where it is processed - ✔✔What are sensory neurons? send information to effectors that
produce a response appropriate to situation - ✔✔What are motor neurons? reflexes -
✔✔What is an example of a stimulus response reaction? result from repetition - ✔✔What
are learned reflexes? skills needed to drive a car where practice is automatic and
subconscious - ✔✔What is an example of a learned reflex? rapid, predictable, involuntary,
and unlearned motor response to stimulus, and part of all neural pathways - ✔✔What is an
inborn reflex? breathing, maintaining posture, controlling viscera, avoiding pain - ✔✔What
do inborn reflexes allow us to do? primitive regions of central nervous system like spinal
cord and brain stem - ✔✔What are visceral inborn reflexes regulated by? tendon under
kneecap produces kneejerk - ✔✔What is a myotatic reflex? receptor that senses the
stimulates and initiates a the signal, sensory neuron that carries afferent nerve impulses to
CNS, integration center where signal is processed, motor neuron that carries efferent
signals to effector from integration center, effector generates a response to signal -
✔✔What are the 5 parts of all reflex arcs? single synapse between a motor and sensory
neuron that serves as integration center - ✔✔What is a monosynaptic reflex? integration
center will include a few synapses and interneurons - ✔✔What is a polysynaptic relfex?
central nervous system - ✔✔What is the integration center for most reflexes? muscle
spindle stimulated - ✔✔What is the first step of a monosynaptic reflex? sensory afferent
neuron excited - ✔✔What is the second step of a monosynaptic reflex? integration center
stimulated - ✔✔What is the third step of a monosynaptic reflex? alpha motor neuron
(effector) stimulates extensor muscle to contract - ✔✔What is the fourth step of a
monosynaptic reflex? flexor contract and extensor relaxes to withdraw foot - ✔✔What is
the first step of a polysynaptic reflex? extensor contracts and flexor relaxes in contralateral
leg to support weight - ✔✔What is the second step of a polysynaptic reflex? activates
skeletal muscle - ✔✔What is a somatic reflex? controls visceral effectors such as smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, or gland - ✔✔What is an autonomic reflex? do not involve higher
brain centers to function but can help to receive communication - ✔✔What are spinal
reflexes? pathological damage to nervous system - ✔✔What do distorted, exagerrated, or
absent reflexes indicate? help coordinate smooth movements of skeletal muscle groups -
✔✔What is the purpose of stretch and tendon reflexes? convey information about muscle
length or the amount of stretch - ✔✔What is the purpose of muscle spindles in skeletal
muscle? convey information about tendon tension to inform the central nervous system for
, the regulation of these reflexes - ✔✔What is the purpose of the golgi tendon organs?
tendon organs and muscle spindles - ✔✔What are 2 examples of proprioceptors? supply
information to the central nervous system about the body's position in space and how
much a muscle has moved, or not moved as well as its insertion - ✔✔What is
proprioception? 3-10 modified skeletal muscle muscle fibers - ✔✔What is the anatomy of
muscle spindles? intrafusal muscle fibers - ✔✔What are the fibers within a muscle spindle
called? regular muscle fibers surrounding muscle spindle - ✔✔What are extrafusal muscle
fibers? connective tissue sheaith - ✔✔Within a muscle spindle, the intrafusal muscle
fibers are enclosed by what? noncontractile because they lack myofilaments - ✔✔What is
the sensory component center of intrafusal fibers? endings of large axons which wrap
around the center of the muscle spindle and are stimulated by the degree of stretch and
rate of stretch - ✔✔What are anulospiral endings? smaller axons that supply the ends of
the muscle spindles and are only stimulated in response to the amount of stretch -
✔✔What are flower spray endings? located in small motor neurons of spinal cord ventral
horn which innervate contractile ends of intrafusal fibers to stimulate them to contract as
the rest of the muscle contracts - ✔✔What is the purpose of gamma efferent fibers?
gamma efferent fibers - ✔✔What maintains tension in intrafusal fibers? large alpha motor
neurons stimulate contraction in extrafusal fibers - ✔✔What are efferent fibers? muscle
spindle is stretched when the muscle lengthens such as when weight is applied or
antagonistic muscle contracts - ✔✔What is external stretch? gamma motor neurons can
also cause the intrafusal fiber ends to contract which will stretch spindle's middle -
✔✔What is internal stretch? causes anulospiral and flower spray endings to fire at an
increased rate - ✔✔What happens when the muscle's spindle is stretched? occurs as
descending motor pathway fibers synapse with alpha and gamma motor neurons to cause
the extrafusal fibers and intrafusal fiber ends to simultaneously contract to maintain
tendon - ✔✔What is alpha-gamma coactivation? sends signals so that reflective
movements will be coordinated and smooth under normal circumstances - ✔✔How does
the brain contribute in relation to controlling the sensitivity of the muscle spindles? can
cause spindle to stretch and become more sensitive or inhibit gamma neurons to cause
the spindle to loosen and become insensitive - ✔✔What can the brain do with regard to
gamma neurons? during difficult or fast movements such as balancing on one foot -
✔✔When does the brain increase gamma motor output? high degree of motion such as to
toss a football - ✔✔When does the brain decrease and inhibit the stretch reflexes? single
synapses between sensory axons and motor neurons - ✔✔How is a myotatic reflex
produced? spinal cord - ✔✔What is the central circuitry for the myotatic reflex? 4 -
