Urban Planning Exam 1 Questions With
Correct Solutions,.
14th amendment - Correct answerwas ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted
citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included
former slaves recently freed
- it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process
of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
By directly mentioning the role of the states, the 14th Amendment greatly expanded the
protection of civil rights to all Americans and is cited in more litigation than any other
amendment
15th amendment - Correct answergranted African American men the right to vote by
declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude." Although ratified on February 3, 1870, the promise of the 15th
Amendment would not be fully realized for almost a century. Through the use of poll
taxes, literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively
disenfranchise African Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of
1965 before the majority of African Americans in the South were registered to vote.
- prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote
based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude
city beautiful movement - Correct answera reform philosophy of North American
architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the
intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.
- Generally stated, the City Beautiful advocates sought to improve their city through
beautification, which would have a number of effects: 1) social ills would be swept away,
as the beauty of the city would inspire civic loyalty and moral rectitude in the
impoverished; 2) American cities would be brought to cultural parity with their European
competitors through the use of the European Beaux-Arts idiom; and 3) a more inviting
city center still would not bring the upper classes back to live, but certainly to work and
spend money in the urban areas
edge cities - Correct answer- is an American term for a concentration of business,
shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district)
in what had previously been a residential or rural area
- 1. The area must have more than five million square feet of office space (about the
space of a good-sized downtown)
,2. The place must include over 600,000 square feet of retail space (the size of a large
regional shopping mall)
3. The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon (i.e., there are
more jobs than homes)
4. The place is known as a single end destination (the place "has it all;" entertainment,
shopping, recreation, etc.)
5. The area must not have been anything like a "city" 30 years ago (cow pastures would
have been nice)
- Garreau
garden cities - Correct answer- is a method of urban planning that was initiated in
1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom
- were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts",
containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
Le Corbusier "The Radiant City"
************************* - Correct answer- Corbusier prepared the master plan for the
city of Chandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there.
-
Mobility (at the Neighborhood, National, and Urban scales) - Correct answer
Neighborhood Lifecycle Theory - Correct answer- concluded that the general
pattern of neighborhood change was characterized by an inevitable trend toward
decline, "often associated
with the spread of districts occupied by more or less segregated ethnic and minority
groups"
- includes four basic phases: growth, maturity, decline and revitalization. A
neighborhood can be defined as a geographically localized community within a larger
city and is often a social community with considerable face-to-face interaction among its
members.
- The growth of a neighborhood typically begins with the construction of residential
dwellings along with a wide range of conveniently located support facilities
- This phase typically ends when there is no longer any vacant land available to develop
- The maturity phase occurs when the neighborhood reaches the point of stability and
begins to face competition from similar or newer neighborhoods
, - When neighborhoods begin the descent into decline, property values may begin to fall,
as does the appeal and overall marketability for both residential and commercial use
properties. The physical aging and deterioration of the structures as well as the aging of
the population often contribute to the overall decline. Outdated architectural styles also
contribute to make these neighborhoods less attractive.
- The neighborhood begins the process of either revitalization, or it dies as properties
are literally vacated and begin decaying. If an older neighborhood is located near
favored schools, transportation corridors, downtown, entertainment, cultural or
employment centers, it has a stronger potential for revitalization. What may have once
been a neighborhood in decline becomes a desirable and sought after community that
may increase in popularity as economic and social conditions change
privatization - Correct answer- is the transfer of ownership of property or businesses
from a government to a privately owned entity
- The transition from a publicly traded and owned company to a company which is
privately owned and no longer trades publicly on a stock exchange.
rationality - Correct answer- implies the conformity of one's beliefs with one's
reasons to believe, or of one's actions with one's reasons for action.
- Definition of the problems and/or goals;
Identification of alternative plans/policies;
Evaluation of alternative plans/policies;
Implementation of plans/policies;
Monitoring of effects of plans/policies
- is used in planning and designing neighborhoods, cities, and regions. It has been
central in the development of modern urban planning and transportation planning. The
model has many limitations, particularly the lack of guidance on involving stakeholders
and the community affected by planning, and other models of planning, such as
collaborative planning, are now also widely used.
- satisfy all goals of various interest groups present in a pluralistic -democratic society
that is to attain the general goals of the public interest (planning solutions that are of
common benefit), and having a comprehensive view of a future desired state of
affairs ,that is a view of a total utopian system for the future.
urban sprawl - Correct answeris basically another word for urbanization. It refers to
the migration of a population from populated towns and cities to low density residential
development over more and more rural land. The end result is the spreading of a city
and its suburbs over more and more rural land.
Correct Solutions,.
14th amendment - Correct answerwas ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted
citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included
former slaves recently freed
- it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process
of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
By directly mentioning the role of the states, the 14th Amendment greatly expanded the
protection of civil rights to all Americans and is cited in more litigation than any other
amendment
15th amendment - Correct answergranted African American men the right to vote by
declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude." Although ratified on February 3, 1870, the promise of the 15th
Amendment would not be fully realized for almost a century. Through the use of poll
taxes, literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively
disenfranchise African Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of
1965 before the majority of African Americans in the South were registered to vote.
- prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote
based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude
city beautiful movement - Correct answera reform philosophy of North American
architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the
intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.
- Generally stated, the City Beautiful advocates sought to improve their city through
beautification, which would have a number of effects: 1) social ills would be swept away,
as the beauty of the city would inspire civic loyalty and moral rectitude in the
impoverished; 2) American cities would be brought to cultural parity with their European
competitors through the use of the European Beaux-Arts idiom; and 3) a more inviting
city center still would not bring the upper classes back to live, but certainly to work and
spend money in the urban areas
edge cities - Correct answer- is an American term for a concentration of business,
shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district)
in what had previously been a residential or rural area
- 1. The area must have more than five million square feet of office space (about the
space of a good-sized downtown)
,2. The place must include over 600,000 square feet of retail space (the size of a large
regional shopping mall)
3. The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon (i.e., there are
more jobs than homes)
4. The place is known as a single end destination (the place "has it all;" entertainment,
shopping, recreation, etc.)
5. The area must not have been anything like a "city" 30 years ago (cow pastures would
have been nice)
- Garreau
garden cities - Correct answer- is a method of urban planning that was initiated in
1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom
- were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts",
containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
Le Corbusier "The Radiant City"
************************* - Correct answer- Corbusier prepared the master plan for the
city of Chandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there.
-
Mobility (at the Neighborhood, National, and Urban scales) - Correct answer
Neighborhood Lifecycle Theory - Correct answer- concluded that the general
pattern of neighborhood change was characterized by an inevitable trend toward
decline, "often associated
with the spread of districts occupied by more or less segregated ethnic and minority
groups"
- includes four basic phases: growth, maturity, decline and revitalization. A
neighborhood can be defined as a geographically localized community within a larger
city and is often a social community with considerable face-to-face interaction among its
members.
- The growth of a neighborhood typically begins with the construction of residential
dwellings along with a wide range of conveniently located support facilities
- This phase typically ends when there is no longer any vacant land available to develop
- The maturity phase occurs when the neighborhood reaches the point of stability and
begins to face competition from similar or newer neighborhoods
, - When neighborhoods begin the descent into decline, property values may begin to fall,
as does the appeal and overall marketability for both residential and commercial use
properties. The physical aging and deterioration of the structures as well as the aging of
the population often contribute to the overall decline. Outdated architectural styles also
contribute to make these neighborhoods less attractive.
- The neighborhood begins the process of either revitalization, or it dies as properties
are literally vacated and begin decaying. If an older neighborhood is located near
favored schools, transportation corridors, downtown, entertainment, cultural or
employment centers, it has a stronger potential for revitalization. What may have once
been a neighborhood in decline becomes a desirable and sought after community that
may increase in popularity as economic and social conditions change
privatization - Correct answer- is the transfer of ownership of property or businesses
from a government to a privately owned entity
- The transition from a publicly traded and owned company to a company which is
privately owned and no longer trades publicly on a stock exchange.
rationality - Correct answer- implies the conformity of one's beliefs with one's
reasons to believe, or of one's actions with one's reasons for action.
- Definition of the problems and/or goals;
Identification of alternative plans/policies;
Evaluation of alternative plans/policies;
Implementation of plans/policies;
Monitoring of effects of plans/policies
- is used in planning and designing neighborhoods, cities, and regions. It has been
central in the development of modern urban planning and transportation planning. The
model has many limitations, particularly the lack of guidance on involving stakeholders
and the community affected by planning, and other models of planning, such as
collaborative planning, are now also widely used.
- satisfy all goals of various interest groups present in a pluralistic -democratic society
that is to attain the general goals of the public interest (planning solutions that are of
common benefit), and having a comprehensive view of a future desired state of
affairs ,that is a view of a total utopian system for the future.
urban sprawl - Correct answeris basically another word for urbanization. It refers to
the migration of a population from populated towns and cities to low density residential
development over more and more rural land. The end result is the spreading of a city
and its suburbs over more and more rural land.
