6/20/25, 5:27 AM
HMX GENETICS ACTUAL EXAM 2025-2026 LATEST
UPDATE/PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (complete solutions) ASSURED SUCCESS/GRADED A+
differences in DNA sequence. 46 chromosomes.
Single Nucleotide Variant
(SNV) >1% of population. Common complex traits
bp in nucleus 6 billion
packaged DNA. Composed of DNA helix wound around
Chromatin
histone proteins forming nucleosomes. 150 bp of
DNA wound around each histone core
20 different molecules used to build proteins. Coded by
Amino acid
genes. Organic. Contains a Carboxyl (-COOH) and an
Amino (-NH2) group
Central dogma flow of information in cell from DNA to RNA to protein
Codon set of 3 nucleotides
deoxyribonucleic acid. contains deoxyribose sugar (5
carbon), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
DNA
(ATCG). Hydrogen bond connects nucleotides (A=T
C=G). Directs production of RNA by transcription.
Nitrogen-containing base on 1' carbon. Hydroxyl
group on 3'. Phosphate group on 5'. Encodes
information
Frameshift variant caused by insertions or deletions of a single gene
Genotype genetic makeup
point mutation, single nucleotide change results in
Missense variant
codon that codes for different amino acid
Nonsense variant genetic alteration that causes premature termination of a protein
nucleic acid many nucleotides linked in a long chain. DNA or RNA
phenotype physical makeup
protein provide structure and function (phenotype)
RNA provides portability. Directs production of proteins by translation
1/23
,6/20/25, 7:03 PM HMX Genetics
Silent variant don't have observable effect on organism's phenotype
Single Nucleotide common SNVs, occur in >1% of population, create human genetic
Polymorphisms (SNP) diversity
DNA-->RNA. mediated by RNA polymerase. 2
Transcription (RNAPII) complex and produces primary RNA
molecule. Primary RNA molecule is spliced and
processed to become a mature mRNA
RNA-->Protein. Produces a protein from protein coding
Translation region of a mature mRNA. 5' and 3' of mRNA molecule
aren't translation-ed and are called untranslated
regions (UTRs)
TF. Protein that controls the rate of transcription of
Transcription factor
genetic information from DNA to mRNA, by binding to
a specific DNA sequence
made up of 150 bps of DNA wrapped around protein
Nucleosome
core composed of 8 histone proteins
measurement of DNA length indicating one nucleotide.
Base
Unit can be modified by multipliers.
Kilobase (Kb) 1,000 bases
Megabase (Mb) 1,000,000 bases
difference in genotype. Variants in regulation regions
genetic variation and UTRs can affect RNA or protein levels. Variant
affecting protein structures have to be in the protein
coding region -> activity/specificty of enzyme TAA.
Variable Expressivity degree of phenotypic expression differs among individuals with
same genotype
Alleles different forms of genes
Autosomal have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes).
Diploid
Carrier individuals who are heterozygous in recessive inheritance
Centromeres highly condensed region of chromosome where sister chromatids
are connected
Diploid 2n. 2 copies of a chromosome
Dominant requires only 1 copy of a disease allele to cause a disease
Expressivity degree of phenotypic expression of a train in individuals
sex cells. egg cells in females. sperm cells in males.
gametes
haploid. 23 chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 sex
2/23
, 6/20/25, 7:03 PM HMX Genetics
chromosomes)
haploid n. one copy of a chromosome
heterozygous organisms that have 2 different alleles for a gene. Tt
homologous chromosomes one set comes from male parent and one set comes from female
parent
homozygous organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a gene. tt
all pairs of genes segregate independently from each
independent assortment
other, unless they are close together on the same
chromosome
reductional division. diploid cells reduce their genetic
Meiosis
material by half to create haploid reproductive cells,
or gametes
family tree annotated with a standardized genetic
Pedigree
nomenclature. used to follow inheritance of a trait
through a family
penetrance fraction of people with a genotype that exhibit the associated
phenotype
recessive requires 2 copies of a disease allele to cause a disease
recombination exchange of portions of genetic material
3/23
HMX GENETICS ACTUAL EXAM 2025-2026 LATEST
UPDATE/PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (complete solutions) ASSURED SUCCESS/GRADED A+
differences in DNA sequence. 46 chromosomes.
Single Nucleotide Variant
(SNV) >1% of population. Common complex traits
bp in nucleus 6 billion
packaged DNA. Composed of DNA helix wound around
Chromatin
histone proteins forming nucleosomes. 150 bp of
DNA wound around each histone core
20 different molecules used to build proteins. Coded by
Amino acid
genes. Organic. Contains a Carboxyl (-COOH) and an
Amino (-NH2) group
Central dogma flow of information in cell from DNA to RNA to protein
Codon set of 3 nucleotides
deoxyribonucleic acid. contains deoxyribose sugar (5
carbon), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
DNA
(ATCG). Hydrogen bond connects nucleotides (A=T
C=G). Directs production of RNA by transcription.
Nitrogen-containing base on 1' carbon. Hydroxyl
group on 3'. Phosphate group on 5'. Encodes
information
Frameshift variant caused by insertions or deletions of a single gene
Genotype genetic makeup
point mutation, single nucleotide change results in
Missense variant
codon that codes for different amino acid
Nonsense variant genetic alteration that causes premature termination of a protein
nucleic acid many nucleotides linked in a long chain. DNA or RNA
phenotype physical makeup
protein provide structure and function (phenotype)
RNA provides portability. Directs production of proteins by translation
1/23
,6/20/25, 7:03 PM HMX Genetics
Silent variant don't have observable effect on organism's phenotype
Single Nucleotide common SNVs, occur in >1% of population, create human genetic
Polymorphisms (SNP) diversity
DNA-->RNA. mediated by RNA polymerase. 2
Transcription (RNAPII) complex and produces primary RNA
molecule. Primary RNA molecule is spliced and
processed to become a mature mRNA
RNA-->Protein. Produces a protein from protein coding
Translation region of a mature mRNA. 5' and 3' of mRNA molecule
aren't translation-ed and are called untranslated
regions (UTRs)
TF. Protein that controls the rate of transcription of
Transcription factor
genetic information from DNA to mRNA, by binding to
a specific DNA sequence
made up of 150 bps of DNA wrapped around protein
Nucleosome
core composed of 8 histone proteins
measurement of DNA length indicating one nucleotide.
Base
Unit can be modified by multipliers.
Kilobase (Kb) 1,000 bases
Megabase (Mb) 1,000,000 bases
difference in genotype. Variants in regulation regions
genetic variation and UTRs can affect RNA or protein levels. Variant
affecting protein structures have to be in the protein
coding region -> activity/specificty of enzyme TAA.
Variable Expressivity degree of phenotypic expression differs among individuals with
same genotype
Alleles different forms of genes
Autosomal have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes).
Diploid
Carrier individuals who are heterozygous in recessive inheritance
Centromeres highly condensed region of chromosome where sister chromatids
are connected
Diploid 2n. 2 copies of a chromosome
Dominant requires only 1 copy of a disease allele to cause a disease
Expressivity degree of phenotypic expression of a train in individuals
sex cells. egg cells in females. sperm cells in males.
gametes
haploid. 23 chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 sex
2/23
, 6/20/25, 7:03 PM HMX Genetics
chromosomes)
haploid n. one copy of a chromosome
heterozygous organisms that have 2 different alleles for a gene. Tt
homologous chromosomes one set comes from male parent and one set comes from female
parent
homozygous organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a gene. tt
all pairs of genes segregate independently from each
independent assortment
other, unless they are close together on the same
chromosome
reductional division. diploid cells reduce their genetic
Meiosis
material by half to create haploid reproductive cells,
or gametes
family tree annotated with a standardized genetic
Pedigree
nomenclature. used to follow inheritance of a trait
through a family
penetrance fraction of people with a genotype that exhibit the associated
phenotype
recessive requires 2 copies of a disease allele to cause a disease
recombination exchange of portions of genetic material
3/23
