Page | 1
NSG 5003 Knowledge Check Quiz Test Bank
(Weeks 1–10) | 200 Verified Questions & Answers |
Guaranteed A+
Q1. What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
A. Protein synthesis
✅ B. Energy production
C. DNA replication
D. Detoxification
Rationale:
Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This
process supplies the energy required for various cellular activities, which is why mitochondria
are often called the "powerhouse" of the cell.
Q2. The plasma membrane is primarily composed of:
A. Proteins only
B. Carbohydrates and proteins
✅ C. Lipid bilayer and proteins
D. RNA and lipids
Rationale:
The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer interspersed with proteins. The lipids
form a semi-permeable barrier, while the proteins facilitate transport, signaling, and structural
support.
Q3. Which form of cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
✅ A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
, Rationale:
Hypertrophy involves the enlargement of existing cells, often in response to increased demand or
hormonal stimulation (e.g., cardiac muscle cells in hypertension). This differs from hyperplasia,
which increases the number of cells.
Page | 2
Q4. What type of cellular injury is most likely to result from hypoxia?
A. Apoptosis
B. Hyperplasia
✅ C. ATP depletion and cellular swelling
D. Protein synthesis increase
Rationale:
Hypoxia reduces oxygen delivery to cells, impairing oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
This leads to ATP depletion, which causes failure of sodium-potassium pumps and results in
cellular swelling.
Q5. Which is a form of programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Ischemia
✅ C. Apoptosis
D. Hypoxia
Rationale:
Apoptosis is a controlled, energy-dependent process of cell death that occurs without provoking
inflammation. It is essential in development, immune regulation, and eliminating damaged cells.
Q6. What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
A. B cells
✅ B. Physical and chemical barriers
C. T cells
D. Inflammatory response
Rationale:
The first line of defense includes skin, mucous membranes, and secretions like tears and stomach
acid. These barriers prevent pathogen entry and are non-specific.
Q7. The hallmark signs of inflammation include all EXCEPT:
A. Swelling
, B. Redness
✅ C. Fever
D. Pain
Rationale:
Page | 3 The four cardinal signs of localized inflammation are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling
(tumor), and pain (dolor). Fever is a systemic response and not part of the localized
inflammatory signs.
Q8. Which cells are primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?
A. Macrophages
✅ B. B lymphocytes
C. T lymphocytes
D. Neutrophils
Rationale:
B cells differentiate into plasma cells upon activation, which then secrete antibodies specific to
an antigen. These antibodies are central to the humoral immune response.
Q9. What triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?
A. Mannose-binding lectin
B. Spontaneous C3 hydrolysis
✅ C. Antigen-antibody complexes
D. Histamine release
Rationale:
The classical complement pathway is initiated when C1 binds to antibodies (IgG or IgM) that are
attached to antigens, leading to a cascade that promotes inflammation and cell lysis.
Q10. Which immunoglobulin is found in the highest concentration in the blood?
A. IgA
✅ B. IgG
C. IgE
D. IgM
Rationale:
IgG is the most abundant antibody in circulation and plays a key role in long-term immunity and
pathogen neutralization. It is also the only antibody that crosses the placenta to provide passive
immunity to the fetus.
, Q11. What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?
A. Enhances phagocytosis
B. Inhibits vasodilation
Page | 4 ✅ C. Increases vascular permeability
D. Stimulates B cell production
Rationale:
Histamine, released by mast cells, causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood
vessels, allowing immune cells and proteins to access the site of injury or infection.
Q12. Which type of hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE and involves allergic reactions?
A. Type II
B. Type III
✅ C. Type I
D. Type IV
Rationale:
Type I hypersensitivity is immediate and IgE-mediated. Common allergic responses like hay
fever, asthma, and anaphylaxis fall under this category and involve mast cell degranulation.
Q13. What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
A. Memory
✅ B. Specificity and memory
C. Inflammation
D. Phagocytosis
Rationale:
Adaptive immunity involves a specific response to pathogens and has memory for faster future
responses, unlike the general, non-specific defense of innate immunity.
Q14. Which cells destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells?
A. B cells
B. Helper T cells
✅ C. Cytotoxic T cells
D. Macrophages
NSG 5003 Knowledge Check Quiz Test Bank
(Weeks 1–10) | 200 Verified Questions & Answers |
Guaranteed A+
Q1. What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
A. Protein synthesis
✅ B. Energy production
C. DNA replication
D. Detoxification
Rationale:
Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This
process supplies the energy required for various cellular activities, which is why mitochondria
are often called the "powerhouse" of the cell.
Q2. The plasma membrane is primarily composed of:
A. Proteins only
B. Carbohydrates and proteins
✅ C. Lipid bilayer and proteins
D. RNA and lipids
Rationale:
The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer interspersed with proteins. The lipids
form a semi-permeable barrier, while the proteins facilitate transport, signaling, and structural
support.
Q3. Which form of cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
✅ A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
, Rationale:
Hypertrophy involves the enlargement of existing cells, often in response to increased demand or
hormonal stimulation (e.g., cardiac muscle cells in hypertension). This differs from hyperplasia,
which increases the number of cells.
Page | 2
Q4. What type of cellular injury is most likely to result from hypoxia?
A. Apoptosis
B. Hyperplasia
✅ C. ATP depletion and cellular swelling
D. Protein synthesis increase
Rationale:
Hypoxia reduces oxygen delivery to cells, impairing oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
This leads to ATP depletion, which causes failure of sodium-potassium pumps and results in
cellular swelling.
Q5. Which is a form of programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Ischemia
✅ C. Apoptosis
D. Hypoxia
Rationale:
Apoptosis is a controlled, energy-dependent process of cell death that occurs without provoking
inflammation. It is essential in development, immune regulation, and eliminating damaged cells.
Q6. What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
A. B cells
✅ B. Physical and chemical barriers
C. T cells
D. Inflammatory response
Rationale:
The first line of defense includes skin, mucous membranes, and secretions like tears and stomach
acid. These barriers prevent pathogen entry and are non-specific.
Q7. The hallmark signs of inflammation include all EXCEPT:
A. Swelling
, B. Redness
✅ C. Fever
D. Pain
Rationale:
Page | 3 The four cardinal signs of localized inflammation are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling
(tumor), and pain (dolor). Fever is a systemic response and not part of the localized
inflammatory signs.
Q8. Which cells are primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?
A. Macrophages
✅ B. B lymphocytes
C. T lymphocytes
D. Neutrophils
Rationale:
B cells differentiate into plasma cells upon activation, which then secrete antibodies specific to
an antigen. These antibodies are central to the humoral immune response.
Q9. What triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?
A. Mannose-binding lectin
B. Spontaneous C3 hydrolysis
✅ C. Antigen-antibody complexes
D. Histamine release
Rationale:
The classical complement pathway is initiated when C1 binds to antibodies (IgG or IgM) that are
attached to antigens, leading to a cascade that promotes inflammation and cell lysis.
Q10. Which immunoglobulin is found in the highest concentration in the blood?
A. IgA
✅ B. IgG
C. IgE
D. IgM
Rationale:
IgG is the most abundant antibody in circulation and plays a key role in long-term immunity and
pathogen neutralization. It is also the only antibody that crosses the placenta to provide passive
immunity to the fetus.
, Q11. What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?
A. Enhances phagocytosis
B. Inhibits vasodilation
Page | 4 ✅ C. Increases vascular permeability
D. Stimulates B cell production
Rationale:
Histamine, released by mast cells, causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood
vessels, allowing immune cells and proteins to access the site of injury or infection.
Q12. Which type of hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE and involves allergic reactions?
A. Type II
B. Type III
✅ C. Type I
D. Type IV
Rationale:
Type I hypersensitivity is immediate and IgE-mediated. Common allergic responses like hay
fever, asthma, and anaphylaxis fall under this category and involve mast cell degranulation.
Q13. What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
A. Memory
✅ B. Specificity and memory
C. Inflammation
D. Phagocytosis
Rationale:
Adaptive immunity involves a specific response to pathogens and has memory for faster future
responses, unlike the general, non-specific defense of innate immunity.
Q14. Which cells destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells?
A. B cells
B. Helper T cells
✅ C. Cytotoxic T cells
D. Macrophages
