MARYVILLE NURS 611 PATHO EXAM 1 /
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE –
EXPERT STRATEGIES, REVIEW OF KEY
QUIZZES, AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS
FOR GUARANTEED SUCCESS /
NEWEST 2025/2026
/. Apoptosis - Answer-A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
/.Necrosis - Answer-Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondria dysfunction
/.What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and
heart) - Answer-hypoxia
/.What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - Answer-ischemia
/.Main component of a cell - Answer-nucleus
/.What does the nucleus contain? - Answer-nucleolus
/.What is the nucleolus composed of? - Answer-RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
/.Why are histone important? - Answer-histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
/.What are ribosomes? - Answer-RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
/.Where can ribosomes be found? - Answer-cytoplasm and rough ER
/.what are ribosomes chief function? - Answer-provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
/.What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - Answer-a network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
, /.What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Answer-takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
/.What are lysosomes and what do they do? - Answer-maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of
signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
/.How does aging affect lysosomes? - Answer-leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
/.What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - Answer-nutrient abundance,
energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate
cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
/.What is mitochondria responsible for? - Answer-cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
/.What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - Answer-enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that
generates most of the cell's ATP
/.The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things
(2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - Answer-1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
/.What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - Answer-carbs, proteins, and lipids
/.What is physiologic atrophy? - Answer-occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad
during childhood
/.What is pathologic atrophy? - Answer-occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
/.what is hypertrophy? - Answer-increase in cell size
/.Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - Answer-hypertrophy of myocardial
cells from endurance training
/.example of pathologic hypertrophy - Answer-cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE –
EXPERT STRATEGIES, REVIEW OF KEY
QUIZZES, AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS
FOR GUARANTEED SUCCESS /
NEWEST 2025/2026
/. Apoptosis - Answer-A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
/.Necrosis - Answer-Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondria dysfunction
/.What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and
heart) - Answer-hypoxia
/.What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - Answer-ischemia
/.Main component of a cell - Answer-nucleus
/.What does the nucleus contain? - Answer-nucleolus
/.What is the nucleolus composed of? - Answer-RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
/.Why are histone important? - Answer-histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
/.What are ribosomes? - Answer-RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
/.Where can ribosomes be found? - Answer-cytoplasm and rough ER
/.what are ribosomes chief function? - Answer-provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
/.What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - Answer-a network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
, /.What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Answer-takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
/.What are lysosomes and what do they do? - Answer-maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of
signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
/.How does aging affect lysosomes? - Answer-leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
/.What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - Answer-nutrient abundance,
energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate
cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
/.What is mitochondria responsible for? - Answer-cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
/.What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - Answer-enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that
generates most of the cell's ATP
/.The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things
(2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - Answer-1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
/.What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - Answer-carbs, proteins, and lipids
/.What is physiologic atrophy? - Answer-occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad
during childhood
/.What is pathologic atrophy? - Answer-occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
/.what is hypertrophy? - Answer-increase in cell size
/.Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - Answer-hypertrophy of myocardial
cells from endurance training
/.example of pathologic hypertrophy - Answer-cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
