NURS 365 EXAM 1 2025 LATEST EDITION WITH CURRENTLY TESTING
RATIONALES 100% SOLVED GRADED A+
how do meds work to treat heart failure?
decrease preload, work on heart rate and rhythm control, decrease afterload and increase
contractility
what drugs work on heart rate and rhythm control
calcium channel blockers (HR) amiodarone IV (dysrhthmias) pacemakers and beta
blockers
what drugs work to decrease preload
high fowlers position (decreases venous return), diuretic, vasodilator (more blood to
peripheries), morphine, and fluid and sodium restriction
what drugs work to decrease afterload
ACE inhibitor (vasodilation=blood in peripheries), vasodilator, and morphine
how does morphine help heart failure
vasodilation, decreases O2 demand, and decreases dyspnea
what drugs work to increase contractility of the heart
,electrolyte balance and positive inotropes (dobutamine/milrinone)
how do medications differ for acute heart failure vs chronic heart failure
acute- more IV meds and higher doses
chronic- more oral meds that are longer acting
measurement of flow, pressure, and oxygenation of the blood within the cardiovascular
system
hemodynamic monitoring
the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (HR x stroke volume)
cardiac output
what is a normal cardiac output
4-8L/min
what factors contribute to stroke volume
preload, afterload, and contractility
filling pressures, the amount of stretch the heart undergoes when blood is returned to the
heart
,preload
stroke volume increases when preload increases and all other factors remain constant
starlings law
the pressure of resistance that the ventricles must overcome when pumping blood to the
aorta- determined by the constriction/dilation of the vessels in the body
afterload
how is preload determined
the amount of blood returning to the heart
how is afterload determined
systemic vascular resistance
the force of cardiac contraction independent of preload
contractility
examples of positive inotropes
Dopamine, dobutamine, digoxin, epinephrine, calcium, milrinone
, examples of negative inotropes
alcohol, calcium channel blocker, beta blockers, acidosis
ventricular dysfunction that leads to inadequate cardiac output that does not meet
metabolic demands of the body
heart failure
why if HF such a problem for older adults
most common cause of hospitalization, associated with long hospital stays and frequent
readmissions
HF risk factors
age, CAD, HTN, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, AMI
describe HF with reduced EF (systolic)
the heart is unable to PUMP blood effectively, decreased contractility of ventricle
associated with decreased ejection fraction
Describe HF with preserved EF (diastolic)
the heart is unable to FILL correctly resulting in a decreased stroke volume
RATIONALES 100% SOLVED GRADED A+
how do meds work to treat heart failure?
decrease preload, work on heart rate and rhythm control, decrease afterload and increase
contractility
what drugs work on heart rate and rhythm control
calcium channel blockers (HR) amiodarone IV (dysrhthmias) pacemakers and beta
blockers
what drugs work to decrease preload
high fowlers position (decreases venous return), diuretic, vasodilator (more blood to
peripheries), morphine, and fluid and sodium restriction
what drugs work to decrease afterload
ACE inhibitor (vasodilation=blood in peripheries), vasodilator, and morphine
how does morphine help heart failure
vasodilation, decreases O2 demand, and decreases dyspnea
what drugs work to increase contractility of the heart
,electrolyte balance and positive inotropes (dobutamine/milrinone)
how do medications differ for acute heart failure vs chronic heart failure
acute- more IV meds and higher doses
chronic- more oral meds that are longer acting
measurement of flow, pressure, and oxygenation of the blood within the cardiovascular
system
hemodynamic monitoring
the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (HR x stroke volume)
cardiac output
what is a normal cardiac output
4-8L/min
what factors contribute to stroke volume
preload, afterload, and contractility
filling pressures, the amount of stretch the heart undergoes when blood is returned to the
heart
,preload
stroke volume increases when preload increases and all other factors remain constant
starlings law
the pressure of resistance that the ventricles must overcome when pumping blood to the
aorta- determined by the constriction/dilation of the vessels in the body
afterload
how is preload determined
the amount of blood returning to the heart
how is afterload determined
systemic vascular resistance
the force of cardiac contraction independent of preload
contractility
examples of positive inotropes
Dopamine, dobutamine, digoxin, epinephrine, calcium, milrinone
, examples of negative inotropes
alcohol, calcium channel blocker, beta blockers, acidosis
ventricular dysfunction that leads to inadequate cardiac output that does not meet
metabolic demands of the body
heart failure
why if HF such a problem for older adults
most common cause of hospitalization, associated with long hospital stays and frequent
readmissions
HF risk factors
age, CAD, HTN, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, AMI
describe HF with reduced EF (systolic)
the heart is unable to PUMP blood effectively, decreased contractility of ventricle
associated with decreased ejection fraction
Describe HF with preserved EF (diastolic)
the heart is unable to FILL correctly resulting in a decreased stroke volume
