A&P 1 Digestive System-Lab Key Terms
Digestive system: the function in to taker in nutrients and break them down into usable forms
that the body can process.
• Ingest the food, process it, absorb the nutrients, then we eliminate residue
• We have 5 stages of digesting food:
1. Ingestion - taking in the food
2. Digestion - two stages
• Physical or mechanical digestion: process which physically and
mechanically break down the components
• Chemical digestion - uses enzymes and hormones to breakdown further
into usable components the body can absorb
3. Absorption - once the products are broken down into small components, the body
absorbs them into the blood stream so they can be delivered into the organs,
muscles, etc.
4. Compaction - body resorb (takes water from digestive system) and returns it back
into the body, allowing the waste product to be formed into a more solid
component
5. Defecation - elimination of solid waste products
• General anatomy of the digestive system starts at the mouth so it's open to the
environment at the beginning or entry point of the digestive track and it ends at the anus
so it's also open to the environment at the exit point.
• Mouth - pharynx (throat) - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine
- anus
(Model — can’t see pharynx or esophagus
• Esophagus leads into the stomach, an organ for food storage. See right.
• Small intestine (see right
• Colon - large intestine (brown tube)
• Rectum - last part of large intestine which leads to anus (see right)
• Anus - for food waste to be defecated
Accessory organs and structures to the digestive system that are equally as
important to those primary structures
1. In the mouth — teeth, the tongue, and salivary glands that release
enzymes that help with digestion
2. If we look internally we have 3 speci c organs — liver, pancreas, and gall bladder
______________________________________
)
fi )
_
, Buccal Cavity (oral cavity). First part of digestive tract. Buccal = cheeks/
mouth area
• Bordered by — lips, teeth, tongue, palate
• Palate (hard and soft) - roof of the mouth.
• Hard palate - part of maxilla bone of skull. (Right) Palatine bones -
back part of hard palate.
• Soft palate - most posterior region of the palate. Made of muscle tissue
that allows for the propulsion of food to go into the digestive tract. (Right)
• Teeth: different teeth perform different functions
• Incisor - front of mouth. Perform job of cutting the food.
• Canine - puncture or shredding type of tooth. Think dogs or wolves
• Pre-molars and Molars - crushing and grinding tooth to break down food
into smaller pieces before swallowing.
Tooth regions
• Crown - part of tooth above the gumline
• Root - below the gumline
• Neck of the tooth - where it meets the gumline itself
• Dentin - the body of the tooth is made up of this
• Enamel - the dentin is covered by this. Hardest substance found in the
human body (harder than bone), most dif cult substance in body to break.
• In the root of the tooth we nd the pulp cavity which is lled with pulp in
cavity inside the gum
• Mechanical digestion in mouth is performed by teeth that will breakdown food.
• Chemical process also begins in the mouth by an enzyme called amylase.
• Salivary amylase is small enzyme released by salivary glands that starts
to break down and digest carbohydrates in mouth. As food proceeds
through digestive system, will further be broken down by more enzymes.
• Only process of chemical digestion that starts in oral cavity. There
is a salivary lipase in the mouth, but it doesn’t start to break down fats until
in the stomach.
• Therefore, carbohydrates are the only thing
that gets chemically digested (or at starts to) in
the mouth!
Pharynx: throat
• Nasopharynx - located above soft palate. Located
up and under soft palate. Passes only air. (Right,
wiggling
• Oropharynx - extends from the soft palate region
to the epiglottis. This will pass food, drink, and air
)
:
fi
fi
fi
.
Digestive system: the function in to taker in nutrients and break them down into usable forms
that the body can process.
• Ingest the food, process it, absorb the nutrients, then we eliminate residue
• We have 5 stages of digesting food:
1. Ingestion - taking in the food
2. Digestion - two stages
• Physical or mechanical digestion: process which physically and
mechanically break down the components
• Chemical digestion - uses enzymes and hormones to breakdown further
into usable components the body can absorb
3. Absorption - once the products are broken down into small components, the body
absorbs them into the blood stream so they can be delivered into the organs,
muscles, etc.
4. Compaction - body resorb (takes water from digestive system) and returns it back
into the body, allowing the waste product to be formed into a more solid
component
5. Defecation - elimination of solid waste products
• General anatomy of the digestive system starts at the mouth so it's open to the
environment at the beginning or entry point of the digestive track and it ends at the anus
so it's also open to the environment at the exit point.
• Mouth - pharynx (throat) - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine
- anus
(Model — can’t see pharynx or esophagus
• Esophagus leads into the stomach, an organ for food storage. See right.
• Small intestine (see right
• Colon - large intestine (brown tube)
• Rectum - last part of large intestine which leads to anus (see right)
• Anus - for food waste to be defecated
Accessory organs and structures to the digestive system that are equally as
important to those primary structures
1. In the mouth — teeth, the tongue, and salivary glands that release
enzymes that help with digestion
2. If we look internally we have 3 speci c organs — liver, pancreas, and gall bladder
______________________________________
)
fi )
_
, Buccal Cavity (oral cavity). First part of digestive tract. Buccal = cheeks/
mouth area
• Bordered by — lips, teeth, tongue, palate
• Palate (hard and soft) - roof of the mouth.
• Hard palate - part of maxilla bone of skull. (Right) Palatine bones -
back part of hard palate.
• Soft palate - most posterior region of the palate. Made of muscle tissue
that allows for the propulsion of food to go into the digestive tract. (Right)
• Teeth: different teeth perform different functions
• Incisor - front of mouth. Perform job of cutting the food.
• Canine - puncture or shredding type of tooth. Think dogs or wolves
• Pre-molars and Molars - crushing and grinding tooth to break down food
into smaller pieces before swallowing.
Tooth regions
• Crown - part of tooth above the gumline
• Root - below the gumline
• Neck of the tooth - where it meets the gumline itself
• Dentin - the body of the tooth is made up of this
• Enamel - the dentin is covered by this. Hardest substance found in the
human body (harder than bone), most dif cult substance in body to break.
• In the root of the tooth we nd the pulp cavity which is lled with pulp in
cavity inside the gum
• Mechanical digestion in mouth is performed by teeth that will breakdown food.
• Chemical process also begins in the mouth by an enzyme called amylase.
• Salivary amylase is small enzyme released by salivary glands that starts
to break down and digest carbohydrates in mouth. As food proceeds
through digestive system, will further be broken down by more enzymes.
• Only process of chemical digestion that starts in oral cavity. There
is a salivary lipase in the mouth, but it doesn’t start to break down fats until
in the stomach.
• Therefore, carbohydrates are the only thing
that gets chemically digested (or at starts to) in
the mouth!
Pharynx: throat
• Nasopharynx - located above soft palate. Located
up and under soft palate. Passes only air. (Right,
wiggling
• Oropharynx - extends from the soft palate region
to the epiglottis. This will pass food, drink, and air
)
:
fi
fi
fi
.
