PSY 215 Chapter 5 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Answers 100%
1
Guaranteed Success | Already Rated A+
Explain why a variable usually has only one conceptual definition but can have
multiple operational definitions. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The conceptual definition, or
construct, is the researchers definition of the variable in question at an abstract
level (like happiness). The operational definition of a variable represents a
researcher's specific decision about how to measure or manipulate the conceptual
variable (giving people a scale to say how happy they are).
Name the three common ways in which researchers operationalize their variables. -
🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. Self-Report
2. Observational
3. Physiological
In your own words, describe the difference between categorical and quantitative
variables. Come up with new examples of variables that would fit the definition of
ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Categorical are categories,
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,nominal variables. Examples are sex, female male. They might assign numbers to
these categories, like 1=male, 2=female. There is so significance to these numbers.
2
Quantitative variables are coded with meaningful numbers. Examples are height
and weight.
Reliability is about consistency. Define the three kinds of reliability, using the
word consistent in each of your definitions. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Test-Retest:
researcher gets consistent results every time they use the measure. Interrater:
consistent results are obtained no matter who measures or observes. Internal: a
study participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the
researcher has phrased the question.
For each of the three common types of operationalizations—self-report,
observational, and physiological—indicate which type(s) of reliability would be
relevant. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Self-report: test-retest and internal may be relevant.
Observational: interrater would be relevant; psychological: interrater may be
relevant.
Which of the following correlations is the strongest: r = .25, r = −.65, r = −.01, or r
= .43? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-.65
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,What do face validity and content validity have in common? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Both involve subject judgment about a measure.
3
Many researchers believe criterion validity is more important than convergent and
discriminant validity. Can you see why? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Because only criterion
validity establishes how well a measure correlates with a behavioral outcome, not
simply with other self-report measures.
Which requires stronger correlations for its evidence: convergent validity or
discriminant validity? which requires weaker correlations? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔convergent validity; discriminant validity
Can a measure be reliable but not valid? Can it be valid but unreliable? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔It can be reliable but not valid, but a measure cannot be valid if it is
unreliable
Classify each operational variable below as categorical or quantitative. If the
variable is quantitative, further classify it as ordinal, interval, or ratio.
a. Degree of pupil dilation in a person's eyes in a study of romantic couples
(measured in millimeters).
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, b. Number of books a person owns
4
c. A book's sales rank on Amazon.com
d. Location of a person's hometown (urban, rural, or suburban)
e. Nationality of the participants in a cross-cultural study of Canadian, Ghanaian,
and French students
f. a students grade in school - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a. Quantitative, ratio
b. Quantitative, ratio
c. Quantitative, ordinal
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions and Answers 100%
1
Guaranteed Success | Already Rated A+
Explain why a variable usually has only one conceptual definition but can have
multiple operational definitions. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The conceptual definition, or
construct, is the researchers definition of the variable in question at an abstract
level (like happiness). The operational definition of a variable represents a
researcher's specific decision about how to measure or manipulate the conceptual
variable (giving people a scale to say how happy they are).
Name the three common ways in which researchers operationalize their variables. -
🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. Self-Report
2. Observational
3. Physiological
In your own words, describe the difference between categorical and quantitative
variables. Come up with new examples of variables that would fit the definition of
ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Categorical are categories,
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,nominal variables. Examples are sex, female male. They might assign numbers to
these categories, like 1=male, 2=female. There is so significance to these numbers.
2
Quantitative variables are coded with meaningful numbers. Examples are height
and weight.
Reliability is about consistency. Define the three kinds of reliability, using the
word consistent in each of your definitions. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Test-Retest:
researcher gets consistent results every time they use the measure. Interrater:
consistent results are obtained no matter who measures or observes. Internal: a
study participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the
researcher has phrased the question.
For each of the three common types of operationalizations—self-report,
observational, and physiological—indicate which type(s) of reliability would be
relevant. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Self-report: test-retest and internal may be relevant.
Observational: interrater would be relevant; psychological: interrater may be
relevant.
Which of the following correlations is the strongest: r = .25, r = −.65, r = −.01, or r
= .43? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-.65
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,What do face validity and content validity have in common? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Both involve subject judgment about a measure.
3
Many researchers believe criterion validity is more important than convergent and
discriminant validity. Can you see why? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Because only criterion
validity establishes how well a measure correlates with a behavioral outcome, not
simply with other self-report measures.
Which requires stronger correlations for its evidence: convergent validity or
discriminant validity? which requires weaker correlations? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔convergent validity; discriminant validity
Can a measure be reliable but not valid? Can it be valid but unreliable? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔It can be reliable but not valid, but a measure cannot be valid if it is
unreliable
Classify each operational variable below as categorical or quantitative. If the
variable is quantitative, further classify it as ordinal, interval, or ratio.
a. Degree of pupil dilation in a person's eyes in a study of romantic couples
(measured in millimeters).
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, b. Number of books a person owns
4
c. A book's sales rank on Amazon.com
d. Location of a person's hometown (urban, rural, or suburban)
e. Nationality of the participants in a cross-cultural study of Canadian, Ghanaian,
and French students
f. a students grade in school - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a. Quantitative, ratio
b. Quantitative, ratio
c. Quantitative, ordinal
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
