A4M Board Review Verified Multiple Choice
and Conceptual Actual Exam Questions With
Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
1. How does Omega 3 Fatty Acids affect cholesterol?
- ANSWER -number of LDL particles decreases
-LDL particle size increase from small type B to large type A
-the anti-atherogenic HDL 2b is also increases by up to 29%
-rate of entry of VLDL particles into the circulation is decreased and APOCIII is
reduced which allows lipoprotein lipase to be more active
-decrease in remnant chylomicrons and remnant lipoproteins
2. What are the stipulations of Omega 3 Fatty acid prescription?
- ANSWER -3 grams per day
-combined EPA and DHA at a ratio of 3:2
-GLA at 50% of the total EPA and DHA content
-700 mg of gamma/delta tocopherol at 80% and 20% alpha tocopherol per grams
of DHA and EPA are recommended
3. Is Krill oil recommended at this time for the treatment of dyslipidemia?
- ANSWER No, not at this time.
4. What does Flax seeds contain?
- ANSWER -contain fiber
-lignins
-phytoestrogens
,5. What is the MOA of flax seeds?
- ANSWER -decrease the levels of 7 alpha hydroxylase and acyl CoA
cholesterol transferase
6. What does Flax seed and ALA have in common?
- ANSWER -anti-inflammatory
-recue HS CRP
-decrease TG
-increase HDL
-decrease insulin resistance and risk of type 2 DM
-reduce visceral obesity
-reduce systolic BP
-increase eNOS
-improve endothelial dysfunction
7. What are some things that ONLY Flax seed does?
- ANSWER -decreases vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy
-reduces oxidative stress
-increases cholesterol efflux in macrophage-derived foam cells by decreasing
stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 expressions and farnesoid X receptor's mechanisms of
action which retard the development of atherosclerosis
8. What is the recommended dosage of Flax Seed and Chia Seeds?
- ANSWER -Flax seeds: 14-40 grams of flax seed per day
-Chia seeds: 25 grams per day
9. What are monounsaturated fats (MUFA)?
- ANSWER -olives
-olive oil
-nuts
10. What do monounsaturated fats (MUFA) do?
,- ANSWER -reduce LDL by 5-10%
-lower TG by 10-15%
-increase HDL 5%
-decrease oxLDL
-reduce oxidation and inflammation
-improve ED
-lower BP
-decrease thrombosis
-reduce the incidence of CHD
11. What is the recommended dosage of Monounsaturated Fats (MUFA)?
- ANSWER -3-4 tablespoons (30-40 grams) per day of extra virgin olive oil
(EVOO) in MUFA content
12. How does Sesame help lower cholesterol?
- ANSWER -inhibition of intestinal absorption
-increasing biliary secretion
-decreasing HMG CoA reductase activity
-upregulation the LDL receptor gene expression
-7 alpha hydroxylase gene expression
-SREBP 2 gene expression
13. What is the recommended dosage of Sesame?
- ANSWER -40 grams per day
14. What are tocotrienols?
- ANSWER -family of unsaturated forms of Vitamin E
-alpha
-beta
-gamma
-delta
15. The gamma and delta tocotrienols work on what parts of cholesterol?
, - ANSWER -TC
-LDL
-APO B
-Lp(a)
-*minimal changes in HDL or APO-A1
16. How do the gamma and delta tocotrienols work?
- ANSWER -inhibits cholesterol synthesis by suppression of HMG-CoA
reductase activity by two post transcriptional actions
-increased controlled degradation of the reductase protein
-decreased efficiency of translation of HMG CoA reductase mRNA
-mediated by sterol binding of the reductase enzyme to the endoplasmic
reticulum membrane proteins call INSIGS
17.What is important to note about the tocotrienol dosage?
- ANSWER -increased dosing will induce its own metabolism and reduce
effectiveness, whereas lower doses are not as effective
18. How are tocotrienols metabolized?
- ANSWER -tocotrienols are metabolized by successive beta oxidation then
catalyzed by the CYP P450 enzymes 3A4 and CYP 4F2
19. Tocotrienols in combo with what med further lowers LDL cholesterol by 10%
- ANSWER -statins
20. How do tocotrienols block the adaptive response of upregulation of HMG-CoA
reductase?
- ANSWER -competitive inhibition by the statins
21. What vasculature has seen stenosis regression in 30% of subjects given
tocotrienols over 18 months?
- ANSWER -carotid artery stenosis
and Conceptual Actual Exam Questions With
Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
1. How does Omega 3 Fatty Acids affect cholesterol?
- ANSWER -number of LDL particles decreases
-LDL particle size increase from small type B to large type A
-the anti-atherogenic HDL 2b is also increases by up to 29%
-rate of entry of VLDL particles into the circulation is decreased and APOCIII is
reduced which allows lipoprotein lipase to be more active
-decrease in remnant chylomicrons and remnant lipoproteins
2. What are the stipulations of Omega 3 Fatty acid prescription?
- ANSWER -3 grams per day
-combined EPA and DHA at a ratio of 3:2
-GLA at 50% of the total EPA and DHA content
-700 mg of gamma/delta tocopherol at 80% and 20% alpha tocopherol per grams
of DHA and EPA are recommended
3. Is Krill oil recommended at this time for the treatment of dyslipidemia?
- ANSWER No, not at this time.
4. What does Flax seeds contain?
- ANSWER -contain fiber
-lignins
-phytoestrogens
,5. What is the MOA of flax seeds?
- ANSWER -decrease the levels of 7 alpha hydroxylase and acyl CoA
cholesterol transferase
6. What does Flax seed and ALA have in common?
- ANSWER -anti-inflammatory
-recue HS CRP
-decrease TG
-increase HDL
-decrease insulin resistance and risk of type 2 DM
-reduce visceral obesity
-reduce systolic BP
-increase eNOS
-improve endothelial dysfunction
7. What are some things that ONLY Flax seed does?
- ANSWER -decreases vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy
-reduces oxidative stress
-increases cholesterol efflux in macrophage-derived foam cells by decreasing
stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 expressions and farnesoid X receptor's mechanisms of
action which retard the development of atherosclerosis
8. What is the recommended dosage of Flax Seed and Chia Seeds?
- ANSWER -Flax seeds: 14-40 grams of flax seed per day
-Chia seeds: 25 grams per day
9. What are monounsaturated fats (MUFA)?
- ANSWER -olives
-olive oil
-nuts
10. What do monounsaturated fats (MUFA) do?
,- ANSWER -reduce LDL by 5-10%
-lower TG by 10-15%
-increase HDL 5%
-decrease oxLDL
-reduce oxidation and inflammation
-improve ED
-lower BP
-decrease thrombosis
-reduce the incidence of CHD
11. What is the recommended dosage of Monounsaturated Fats (MUFA)?
- ANSWER -3-4 tablespoons (30-40 grams) per day of extra virgin olive oil
(EVOO) in MUFA content
12. How does Sesame help lower cholesterol?
- ANSWER -inhibition of intestinal absorption
-increasing biliary secretion
-decreasing HMG CoA reductase activity
-upregulation the LDL receptor gene expression
-7 alpha hydroxylase gene expression
-SREBP 2 gene expression
13. What is the recommended dosage of Sesame?
- ANSWER -40 grams per day
14. What are tocotrienols?
- ANSWER -family of unsaturated forms of Vitamin E
-alpha
-beta
-gamma
-delta
15. The gamma and delta tocotrienols work on what parts of cholesterol?
, - ANSWER -TC
-LDL
-APO B
-Lp(a)
-*minimal changes in HDL or APO-A1
16. How do the gamma and delta tocotrienols work?
- ANSWER -inhibits cholesterol synthesis by suppression of HMG-CoA
reductase activity by two post transcriptional actions
-increased controlled degradation of the reductase protein
-decreased efficiency of translation of HMG CoA reductase mRNA
-mediated by sterol binding of the reductase enzyme to the endoplasmic
reticulum membrane proteins call INSIGS
17.What is important to note about the tocotrienol dosage?
- ANSWER -increased dosing will induce its own metabolism and reduce
effectiveness, whereas lower doses are not as effective
18. How are tocotrienols metabolized?
- ANSWER -tocotrienols are metabolized by successive beta oxidation then
catalyzed by the CYP P450 enzymes 3A4 and CYP 4F2
19. Tocotrienols in combo with what med further lowers LDL cholesterol by 10%
- ANSWER -statins
20. How do tocotrienols block the adaptive response of upregulation of HMG-CoA
reductase?
- ANSWER -competitive inhibition by the statins
21. What vasculature has seen stenosis regression in 30% of subjects given
tocotrienols over 18 months?
- ANSWER -carotid artery stenosis
