A4M Verified Multiple Choice and Conceptual
Actual Exam Questions With Reviewed 100%
Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
1. What are the 9 essential amino acids? - ANSWER histidine, isoleucine,
leucine, lycine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
2. What amino acids are "conditionally" essential? - ANSWER Arginine,
glutamine, glycine, and taurine
3. What is the best method for determining amino acid status? - ANSWER
Plasma levels
4. In what disease states is low homocysteine seen? - ANSWER Autism &
ADHD. Methionine can be supplemented in these instances.
5. What are the primary lymphoid tissues? - ANSWER Thymus, fetal liver,
and bone marrow
6. What is the prevalence of Hashimoto's disease in the US population? -
ANSWER 13%
,7. What are the secondary lymphoid tissues? - ANSWER Spleen, lymph
nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches (gut)
8. What are signs / symptoms of low T3 in cardiovascular disease? - ANSWER
Bradycardia, narrowed pulse pressure, diastolic hypertension, elevated
CRP, inflammatory markers and homocysteine
9. T or F: T3 therapy is antiarrhythmic - ANSWER T
10.What is the strongest independent predictor of death in cardiac patients -
ANSWER Low fT3
11.What enzyme(s) does progesterone act on in hormonal pathway? -
ANSWER Progesterone has actions as both an aromatase inhibitor as
well as a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor
12.Mechanisms of action of melatonin on inflammation - ANSWER -
Inhibits COX-2 & Nuclar Factor Kappa Beta
- Reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines
- Most effective scavenger of hydroxyl radical
- Endogenously protects mitochondria and nuclear DNA from injury
and oxidation
- Stimulates superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
- Increases free radical scavenging and antioxidant efficacy of
glutathione, Vit E, Vit C
- Protects against cellular and DNA damage from ionizing radiation and
reperfusion injury
,13.T or F: growth hormone peaks at puberty and starts to decline at age 21 -
ANSWER True
14.Main estrogen produced in the post-menpausal woman - ANSWER
Estrone
15.T or F: obese women have higher estrone: estradiol ratio than non-obese
women - ANSWER True
16.Strongest estrogen in body - ANSWER Estradiol
17.T or F: 16-hydroxyestrone does not stimulate cells to divide - ANSWER
False. 16-OHE bind strongly to special receptors inside of cells and increase
rate of DNA synthesis
18.How much of a female's total testosterone level is free? - ANSWER 1%
19.What conditions are associated with high levels of 16-OHE? - ANSWER
Obesity, hypothyroidism, pesticide exposure, omega-6 FA excess,
inflammatory cytokines
20.T or F: Testosterone, when given without estradiol in a woman, increases
the risk of MI by increasing plaque formation in heart vessels - ANSWER
T
, 21.What is the central killing mechanism of neutrophils? - ANSWER
NADPH oxidase, which generates high levels of superoxide, a ROS.
Superoxide combines with NO to form peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide.
22.How do activated macrophages contribute to tissue damage during
prolonged immune activation? - ANSWER Macrophages contain surface
glutamate receptors that, when activated, cause tissue damage.
Macrophages readily enter the brain and spinal cord, transform into
microglia, and release cytokines, chemokines, interferons and other
ecitotoxic molecules.
23.T or F: mast cells can enter the brain from the blood during brain injury -
ANSWER T
24.What cell line constitutes the first line of defense against invading
organisms? - ANSWER Macrophages
25.T or F: plasma cells are highly present in circulation - ANSWER False.
Plasma cells reside in secondary lymphoid organs. They will accumulate in
areas of high antigen presence.
26.what is the purpose of T-regulatory cells? - ANSWER T-regulatory cells
reduce inflammatory responses and are connected to IL-4 and IL-10, the
anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Actual Exam Questions With Reviewed 100%
Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
1. What are the 9 essential amino acids? - ANSWER histidine, isoleucine,
leucine, lycine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
2. What amino acids are "conditionally" essential? - ANSWER Arginine,
glutamine, glycine, and taurine
3. What is the best method for determining amino acid status? - ANSWER
Plasma levels
4. In what disease states is low homocysteine seen? - ANSWER Autism &
ADHD. Methionine can be supplemented in these instances.
5. What are the primary lymphoid tissues? - ANSWER Thymus, fetal liver,
and bone marrow
6. What is the prevalence of Hashimoto's disease in the US population? -
ANSWER 13%
,7. What are the secondary lymphoid tissues? - ANSWER Spleen, lymph
nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches (gut)
8. What are signs / symptoms of low T3 in cardiovascular disease? - ANSWER
Bradycardia, narrowed pulse pressure, diastolic hypertension, elevated
CRP, inflammatory markers and homocysteine
9. T or F: T3 therapy is antiarrhythmic - ANSWER T
10.What is the strongest independent predictor of death in cardiac patients -
ANSWER Low fT3
11.What enzyme(s) does progesterone act on in hormonal pathway? -
ANSWER Progesterone has actions as both an aromatase inhibitor as
well as a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor
12.Mechanisms of action of melatonin on inflammation - ANSWER -
Inhibits COX-2 & Nuclar Factor Kappa Beta
- Reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines
- Most effective scavenger of hydroxyl radical
- Endogenously protects mitochondria and nuclear DNA from injury
and oxidation
- Stimulates superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
- Increases free radical scavenging and antioxidant efficacy of
glutathione, Vit E, Vit C
- Protects against cellular and DNA damage from ionizing radiation and
reperfusion injury
,13.T or F: growth hormone peaks at puberty and starts to decline at age 21 -
ANSWER True
14.Main estrogen produced in the post-menpausal woman - ANSWER
Estrone
15.T or F: obese women have higher estrone: estradiol ratio than non-obese
women - ANSWER True
16.Strongest estrogen in body - ANSWER Estradiol
17.T or F: 16-hydroxyestrone does not stimulate cells to divide - ANSWER
False. 16-OHE bind strongly to special receptors inside of cells and increase
rate of DNA synthesis
18.How much of a female's total testosterone level is free? - ANSWER 1%
19.What conditions are associated with high levels of 16-OHE? - ANSWER
Obesity, hypothyroidism, pesticide exposure, omega-6 FA excess,
inflammatory cytokines
20.T or F: Testosterone, when given without estradiol in a woman, increases
the risk of MI by increasing plaque formation in heart vessels - ANSWER
T
, 21.What is the central killing mechanism of neutrophils? - ANSWER
NADPH oxidase, which generates high levels of superoxide, a ROS.
Superoxide combines with NO to form peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide.
22.How do activated macrophages contribute to tissue damage during
prolonged immune activation? - ANSWER Macrophages contain surface
glutamate receptors that, when activated, cause tissue damage.
Macrophages readily enter the brain and spinal cord, transform into
microglia, and release cytokines, chemokines, interferons and other
ecitotoxic molecules.
23.T or F: mast cells can enter the brain from the blood during brain injury -
ANSWER T
24.What cell line constitutes the first line of defense against invading
organisms? - ANSWER Macrophages
25.T or F: plasma cells are highly present in circulation - ANSWER False.
Plasma cells reside in secondary lymphoid organs. They will accumulate in
areas of high antigen presence.
26.what is the purpose of T-regulatory cells? - ANSWER T-regulatory cells
reduce inflammatory responses and are connected to IL-4 and IL-10, the
anti-inflammatory cytokines.
