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NSG 533 EXAM 1|| ACTUAL EXAM ALL
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+|| LATEST UPDATE 2024
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|| ASSURED PASS!!!
5 essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWER: 1. Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - ANSWER: idiopathic and
cryptogenic
define iatrogenic - ANSWER: etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical
intervention
define incidence of epidemiology - ANSWER: the new number of cases in a
given population in a specific time period
define prevalence of epidemiology - ANSWER: number of cases, both old and
new, during a specific time period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWER: 1.
ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
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what is the most common stressor of disease - ANSWER: ATP deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWER: 1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWER: 2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWER: 36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be
impaired? - ANSWER: 1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia - ANSWER: reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - ANSWER: obstruction --> ischemia
--> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b)
increased anaerobic glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP
production - ANSWER: normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and
potassium freely exits the cell
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as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWER: Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased
ATP production - ANSWER: glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased,
intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
define free radicals - ANSWER: unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
why are free radicals bad? - ANSWER: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a
cell and drill holes in its membrane
what are reactive oxygen species? - ANSWER: highly reactive forms of oxygen
typically from the mitochondria
why are antioxidants important - ANSWER: protect cells from free radicals and
ROS
are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress - ANSWER: decreased
:(
what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? - ANSWER: 1.
Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
NSG 533 EXAM 1|| ACTUAL EXAM ALL
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+|| LATEST UPDATE 2024
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|| ASSURED PASS!!!
5 essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWER: 1. Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - ANSWER: idiopathic and
cryptogenic
define iatrogenic - ANSWER: etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical
intervention
define incidence of epidemiology - ANSWER: the new number of cases in a
given population in a specific time period
define prevalence of epidemiology - ANSWER: number of cases, both old and
new, during a specific time period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWER: 1.
ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
,2|Page
what is the most common stressor of disease - ANSWER: ATP deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWER: 1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWER: 2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWER: 36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be
impaired? - ANSWER: 1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia - ANSWER: reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - ANSWER: obstruction --> ischemia
--> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b)
increased anaerobic glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP
production - ANSWER: normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and
potassium freely exits the cell
, 3|Page
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWER: Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased
ATP production - ANSWER: glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased,
intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
define free radicals - ANSWER: unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
why are free radicals bad? - ANSWER: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a
cell and drill holes in its membrane
what are reactive oxygen species? - ANSWER: highly reactive forms of oxygen
typically from the mitochondria
why are antioxidants important - ANSWER: protect cells from free radicals and
ROS
are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress - ANSWER: decreased
:(
what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? - ANSWER: 1.
Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
