Chapter3providesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,layingthegroundworkforunderstandingtheirbiochemicalproperties,biologicalfunctions,andcontributionstocellularandorganismal
biology.Itservesasacrucialfoundationforfurtherexplorationintocellularstructureandfunction,genetics,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutan
yofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter3,feelfreetoask!Chapter4:InsidetheCellChapter4of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"Insidet
heCell,"typicallyfocusesonthestructureandfunctionsofcells,whicharethebasicunitsoflife.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCells**:Definitionofcellsasthefundamentalunitsoflife
,theirdiversityinstructureandfunction,andtheCellTheory.**CellStructure**:Explorationofthestructureoftypicaleukaryoticcells,including:**CellMembrane**:Structure,composition(lipidbilayer,proteins),functio
nsincelltransport,signaling,andrecognition.**Cytoplasm**:Composition,organellessuspendedwithin(e.g.,cytoskeleton,ribosomes).**Nucleus**:Structure,functions(DNAstorage,transcription,regulationofcellacti
vities).**Organelles**:Detailedexaminationoforganellessuchasmitochondria,endoplasmicreticulum,Golgiapparatus,lysosomes,andtheirrolesincellularprocesses.**ProkaryoticCells**:Comparisonofprokaryotica
ndeukaryoticcellstructures,emphasizingdifferencesinorganelles,geneticmaterial(nonucleusinprokaryotes),andcellularprocesses.**CellularOrganizationandFunction**:Integrationofcellularcomponentsandorgan
ellestosupportcellularfunctionssuchasmetabolism,proteinsynthesis,energyproduction(e.g.,ATPsynthesis),andmaintenanceofhomeostasis.**CellularTransport**:Mechanismsofcellulartransport,including:**Passi
veTransport**:Diffusion,osmosis,facilitateddiffusion.**ActiveTransport**:Ionpumps,carrierproteins,endocytosis,exocytosis.**BulkTransport**:Phagocytosis,pinocytosis.**CellCommunication**:Overviewofc
ellularcommunicationprocesses,including:**ReceptorProteins**:,electronmicroscopy,andfluorescencemicroscopy.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithasummaryofkeyconceptsrelatedtocell
structure,function,andorganization,reinforcingunderstandingofcellularbiologyfundamentals.Chapter4providesacomprehensiveexplorationofthestructureandfunctionsofcells,highlightingtheircomplexityandorga
nizationatthemicroscopiclevel.Itservesasafoundationalchapterinunderstandinghowcellularstructuresandprocessescontributetothefunctioningoforganismsandecosystems.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter4,feelfreetoask!Chapter5Chapter5of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheDynamicCell,"typically
exploresthedynamicprocessesandactivitiesthatoccurwithincells.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCellularDynamics**:Definitionofcellulardynamicsandanoverviewofthedyna
micprocessesthatoccurwithincellstomaintainlifeandrespondtoenvironmentalchanges
Chapter 7 - Cases 5 and 8
Case 5
The Garden Book Company advertised in a local newspaper the publication of its latest book on flower growing. The
advertisement indicated that orders would be taken by mail at a price of $30 per copy, but the book would be available
at all book stores as well.
In response to the advertisement, Laurel Bush sent her cheque for $30 to the Garden Book Company, and
requested in her letter that the company send her a copy of the book by return mail. Laurel mailed her letter on
February 19th. On February 21st, Laurel noticed the same book on sale at a local book store at a price of $9.95. She
purchased a copy, then went home and immediately wrote a letter to the Garden Book Company revoking her offer to
purchase the book, and requested a return of her $30 cheque. Laurel mailed her letter at 4:20 p.m. on February 21st.
The Garden Book Company received Laurel‟s letter of February 19th on February 22nd, and mailed her a letter
the same day that acknowledged her order and advised her that the book would be sent to her by courier within a few
days. The Garden Book Company received Laurel‟s letter of February 21st on February 23rd. The company ignored
her second letter, and delivered the book to the courier on February 25th.
Discuss the rights of the parties in this case. Identify and explain the legal principles and rules applicable, and
indicate in your answer how the case would be decided if the matter came before the court.
Answer:
This case raises the issues related to acceptance of an offer, and the application of rules concerning acceptance and
revocation. Students should note that Laurel Bush made an offer by mail to purchase a book. The nature of this offer might
be examined by asking the question. Was this an offer that required acceptance by an act? Was the letter of acceptance
by the Company a valid acceptance of the offer? Was the acceptance complete when the letter was mailed? Laurel's letter
of revocation would only be effective when received by the Company, and was received by it on February 23rd. The
Company, aware of the revocation, completed its part of the 'contract' on February 25th. Students may be asked if the
revocation was effective on February 23rd. Under the terms of Laurel's offer, acceptance was to be made by sending her
the book by return mail. The offer did not require acknowledgement, but rather, the performance of an act. The Company's
letter of acceptance, therefore, would probably not be effective acceptance when mailed, but only effective when received.
The mailing of the book after receipt of the letter of revocation would probably not be effective acceptance of the offer.
1
, Case 8
Tom was tired of running his business and was looking for a buyer so he could retire before the winter. Bill wanted to
buy the business, but needed another month to raise the necessary finances. Tom said to Bill: “Look, for $5,000, I will
give you an option to purchase in 30 days, but if you are not ready to buy at that time for fifty thousand, I am going to
sell it to Dan.” Bill paid Tom the $5,000. Thirty days later, Bill appeared at Tom‟s door with $45,000. Tom said: “Sorry,
I am going to sell it to Dan. I said the price was $50,000.” Bill was confused, and sought legal advice.
What advice would the lawyer provide to Bill?
Answer:
The option to purchase in this case was a promise by Tom to hold open the promise to sell the business for a 30 day
period. Offer and acceptance in the option agreement was finalized when Bill paid over the $5,000. The issue here for
students to consider is whether the $5,000 was to be a part of the purchase price of the business. Was the option a
separate contract? No mention was made of the $5,000 being a part of the purchase price. Was the offer to sell the
business for $50,000 a separate contract offer? It could be argued that it was, in which case Bill did not properly accept the
offer when he met with Tom in 30 days and presented him with $45,000 instead of the $50,000 stated in the offer.
Chapter3providesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,layingthegroundworkforunderstandingtheirbiochemicalproperties,biologicalfunctions,andcontributionstocellularandorganismalbiology.Itserves
asacrucialfoundationforfurtherexplorationintocellularstructureandfunction,genetics,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemored
etailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter3,feelfreetoask!Chapter4:InsidetheCellChapter4of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"InsidetheCell,"typicallyfocusesonthestructureandfunctio
nsofcells,whicharethebasicunitsoflife.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCells**:Definitionofcellsasthefundamentalunitsoflife,theirdiversityinstructureandfunction,andtheCellTheory.**CellSt
ructure**:Explorationofthestructureoftypicaleukaryoticcells,including:**CellMembrane**:Structure,composition(lipidbilayer,proteins),functionsincelltransport,signaling,andrecognition.**Cytoplasm**:Composition,organell
essuspendedwithin(e.g.,cytoskeleton,ribosomes).**Nucleus**:Structure,functions(DNAstorage,transcription,regulationofcellactivities).**Organelles**:Detailedexaminationoforganellessuchasmitochondria,endoplasmicreticul
um,Golgiapparatus,lysosomes,andtheirrolesincellularprocesses.**ProkaryoticCells**:Comparisonofprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellstructures,emphasizingdifferencesinorganelles,geneticmaterial(nonucleusinprokaryotes),andcel
lularprocesses.**CellularOrganizationandFunction**:Integrationofcellularcomponentsandorganellestosupportcellularfunctionssuchasmetabolism,proteinsynthesis,energyproduction(e.g.,ATPsynthesis),andmaintenanceofhome
ostasis.**CellularTransport**:Mechanismsofcellulartransport,including:**PassiveTransport**:Diffusion,osmosis,facilitateddiffusion.**ActiveTransport**:Ionpumps,carrierproteins,endocytosis,exocytosis.**BulkTransport*
*:Phagocytosis,pinocytosis.**CellCommunication**:Overviewofcellularcommunicationprocesses,including:**ReceptorProteins**:,electronmicroscopy,andfluorescencemicroscopy.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapte
rconcludeswithasummaryofkeyconceptsrelatedtocellstructure,function,andorganization,reinforcingunderstandingofcellularbiologyfundamentals.Chapter4providesacomprehensiveexplorationofthestructureandfunctionsofcells,h
ighlightingtheircomplexityandorganizationatthemicroscopiclevel.Itservesasafoundationalchapterinunderstandinghowcellularstructuresandprocessescontributetothefunctioningoforganismsandecosystems.Ifyouhavespecificques
tionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter4,feelfreetoask!Chapter5Chapter5of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheDynamicCell,"typica
llyexploresthedynamicprocessesandactivitiesthatoccurwithincells.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCellularDynamics**:Definitionofcellulardynamicsandanoverviewofthedynamicprocesses
thatoccurwithincellstomaintainlifeandrespondtoenvironmentalchanges
Chapter 8 - Cases 1 and 8
Case 1
Jane and Henry were married and Jane‟s father, a farmer, told her and Henry that he had no use for the old pasture
north of the meadow. He suggested that they could build a house on the property, saying, “It will be all yours anyhow
when I‟m gone.” Jane and Henry did so, and five years later, Jane and her father had a terrible falling out. Her father
changed his will to give all of his property to the Humane Society, and within the year he died. When the executor of
the will read its terms, he began proceedings to evict Jane and Henry from the property and to sell their house.
Discuss the legal issues raised in this scenario.
Answer:
2
, The facts of this case raise the issue of promissory estoppel, since Jane and Henry clearly acted to their detriment by
building a house on the property in reliance on her father‟s promise of the property on his death. One question may be the
extent of the property Jane and Henry may claim. Would this be only the “old pasture north of the meadow”or the father‟s
entire estate? A court might decide that their claim would be limited to the property where the house was located, as their
reliance on the father‟s promise (by building a house) was limited to „the old pasture‟.
Case 8
Levine‟s car stopped running on the highway, and a passing motorist called a service station for him on a mobile
phone. The service station called an independent tow truck operator, who soon towed the car to the service station,
some 5 km distant. A mechanic examined the car, and realized that a wire had come loose from the distributor cap.
He snapped the wire back into place, and wrote up a bill. Levine was charged $5 for the repair and $175 for the tow.
Levine was outraged and refused to pay.
What would be the nature of the claim, and what factors would the court consider in deciding the case?
Chapter3providesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,layingthegroundworkforunderstandingtheirbiochemicalproperties,biologicalfunctions,andcontributionstocellularandorganismalbiology.Itserves
asacrucialfoundationforfurtherexplorationintocellularstructureandfunction,genetics,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemored
etailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter3,feelfreetoask!Chapter4:InsidetheCellChapter4of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"InsidetheCell,"typicallyfocusesonthestructureandfunctio
nsofcells,whicharethebasicunitsoflife.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCells**:Definitionofcellsasthefundamentalunitsoflife,theirdiversityinstructureandfunction,andtheCellTheory.**CellSt
ructure**:Explorationofthestructureoftypicaleukaryoticcells,including:**CellMembrane**:Structure,composition(lipidbilayer,proteins),functionsincelltransport,signaling,andrecognition.**Cytoplasm**:Composition,organell
essuspendedwithin(e.g.,cytoskeleton,ribosomes).**Nucleus**:Structure,functions(DNAstorage,transcription,regulationofcellactivities).**Organelles**:Detailedexaminationoforganellessuchasmitochondria,endoplasmicreticul
um,Golgiapparatus,lysosomes,andtheirrolesincellularprocesses.**ProkaryoticCells**:Comparisonofprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellstructures,emphasizingdifferencesinorganelles,geneticmaterial(nonucleusinprokaryotes),andcel
lularprocesses.**CellularOrganizationandFunction**:Integrationofcellularcomponentsandorganellestosupportcellularfunctionssuchasmetabolism,proteinsynthesis,energyproduction(e.g.,ATPsynthesis),andmaintenanceofhome
ostasis.**CellularTransport**:Mechanismsofcellulartransport,including:**PassiveTransport**:Diffusion,osmosis,facilitateddiffusion.**ActiveTransport**:Ionpumps,carrierproteins,endocytosis,exocytosis.**BulkTransport*
*:Phagocytosis,pinocytosis.**CellCommunication**:Overviewofcellularcommunicationprocesses,including:**ReceptorProteins**:,electronmicroscopy,andfluorescencemicroscopy.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapte
rconcludeswithasummaryofkeyconceptsrelatedtocellstructure,function,andorganization,reinforcingunderstandingofcellularbiologyfundamentals.Chapter4providesacomprehensiveexplorationofthestructureandfunctionsofcells,h
ighlightingtheircomplexityandorganizationatthemicroscopiclevel.Itservesasafoundationalchapterinunderstandinghowcellularstructuresandprocessescontributetothefunctioningoforganismsandecosystems.Ifyouhavespecificques
tionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter4,feelfreetoask!Chapter5Chapter5of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheDynamicCell,"typica
llyexploresthedynamicprocessesandactivitiesthatoccurwithincells.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCellularDynamics**:Definitionofcellulardynamicsandanoverviewofthedynamicprocesses
thatoccurwithincellstomaintainlifeandrespondtoenvironmentalchanges
Answer:
This case concerns quantum meruit. The passing motorist made the call to the service station at Levine‟s request. The
request for service was probably broad enough to authorize the service station operator to tow Levine‟s vehicle to the
service station – a reasonable expectation, but was it also reasonable for Levine to believe that the service station
operator might come to where Levine‟s vehicle was located to make the repairs? Probably not. Under quantum meruit, the
service station operator would be entitled to charge a reasonable price for his services. The $5 was probably reasonable.
The tow truck operator charged $175 for a 10 km. round trip. Was this a reasonable charge? If this was the usual charge
by other operators in the area, then the charge would stand, and Levine would be obliged to pay both of the charges.
PART I
3
, LEGAL FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 1
LAW AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM
LEARNING GOALS
1. To provide an understanding what a law is, its sources, and how it is enforced.
2. To provide an outline of the legal system and its operation.
3. To outline alternative methods of resolving disputes between persons or businesses.
Chapter3providesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,layingthegroundworkforunderstandingtheirbiochemicalproperties,biologicalfunctions,andcontributionstocellularandorga
nismalbiology.Itservesasacrucialfoundationforfurtherexplorationintocellularstructureandfunction,genetics,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificques
tionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter3,feelfreetoask!Chapter4:InsidetheCellChapter4of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindels
pecht,titled"InsidetheCell,"typicallyfocusesonthestructureandfunctionsofcells,whicharethebasicunitsoflife.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCells**:Definitionofcellsa
sthefundamentalunitsoflife,theirdiversityinstructureandfunction,andtheCellTheory.**CellStructure**:Explorationofthestructureoftypicaleukaryoticcells,including:**CellMembrane**:Structure,composit
ion(lipidbilayer,proteins),functionsincelltransport,signaling,andrecognition.**Cytoplasm**:Composition,organellessuspendedwithin(e.g.,cytoskeleton,ribosomes).**Nucleus**:Structure,functions(DNA
storage,transcription,regulationofcellactivities).**Organelles**:Detailedexaminationoforganellessuchasmitochondria,endoplasmicreticulum,Golgiapparatus,lysosomes,andtheirrolesincellularprocesses.*
*ProkaryoticCells**:Comparisonofprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellstructures,emphasizingdifferencesinorganelles,geneticmaterial(nonucleusinprokaryotes),andcellularprocesses.**CellularOrganizationand
Function**:Integrationofcellularcomponentsandorganellestosupportcellularfunctionssuchasmetabolism,proteinsynthesis,energyproduction(e.g.,ATPsynthesis),andmaintenanceofhomeostasis.**CellularT
ransport**:Mechanismsofcellulartransport,including:**PassiveTransport**:Diffusion,osmosis,facilitateddiffusion.**ActiveTransport**:Ionpumps,carrierproteins,endocytosis,exocytosis.**BulkTranspo
rt**:Phagocytosis,pinocytosis.**CellCommunication**:Overviewofcellularcommunicationprocesses,including:**ReceptorProteins**:,electronmicroscopy,andfluorescencemicroscopy.**SummaryandK
eyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithasummaryofkeyconceptsrelatedtocellstructure,function,andorganization,reinforcingunderstandingofcellularbiologyfundamentals.Chapter4providesacomprehensiv
eexplorationofthestructureandfunctionsofcells,highlightingtheircomplexityandorganizationatthemicroscopiclevel.Itservesasafoundationalchapterinunderstandinghowcellularstructuresandprocessescontrib
utetothefunctioningoforganismsandecosystems.IfyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter4,feelfreetoask!Chapter5Chapter5of"E
ssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheDynamicCell,"typicallyexploresthedynamicprocessesandactivitiesthatoccurwithincells.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthi
schapter:**IntroductiontoCellularDynamics**:Definitionofcellulardynamicsandanoverviewofthedynamicprocessesthatoccurwithincellstomaintainlifeandrespondtoenvironmentalchanges
CHAPTER COMMENTARY
Chapter 1 is introductory in nature, and provides a general background concerning the nature
of law, how laws developed, the general need for some rules to govern the behaviour of
individuals, and the establishment of the various fundamental rights and duties of persons in
society. It also examines the legal system and how it is used to resolve disputes.
In class discussion, special emphasis should be placed upon the sources of law in order
that students may have a clear idea of what they are and where they may be found. Many
students fail to realize that the common law and equity represent a large body of law, and the
scope and application of these sources of law should be emphasized in class discussion of the
chapter. In the context of the courts and the law, the doctrine of precedent should be noted,
and its purpose and application discussed with emphasis on the need for "predictability" in the
application of the law to cases that come before the courts. It would be worthwhile to note as
well that some judges of the Supreme Court of Canada have expressed the view that they, as
judges of the highest court in the land, do not consider themselves bound by the doctrine, but
would only change a common law rule where it had become inappropriate in a modern social
setting. (This point is not set out in the text).
The role of the courts as the chief interpreter of the constitution is also noted, and
should be emphasized in any class discussion of the enforcement of rights under the Charter.
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is set out in Appendix ‘A’ of the text for reference by
students. As an approach to teaching this part of the chapter, a systematic examination of the
fundamental rights and freedoms may be made with the class requested to provide a fact
situation related to a freedom or right, and then have the class speculate as to how the Charter
might be interpreted by the court as it relates to the matter. With each fundamental right or
freedom it is important to emphasize that the freedom or right must be viewed in the light of
s.1 which makes the right "subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be
demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society," and not absolute. The
"notwithstanding" clause (s. 33) which permits legislatures or parliament to override the
Charter rights should be noted as well. Students should note that the province of Quebec used
4
biology.Itservesasacrucialfoundationforfurtherexplorationintocellularstructureandfunction,genetics,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutan
yofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter3,feelfreetoask!Chapter4:InsidetheCellChapter4of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"Insidet
heCell,"typicallyfocusesonthestructureandfunctionsofcells,whicharethebasicunitsoflife.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCells**:Definitionofcellsasthefundamentalunitsoflife
,theirdiversityinstructureandfunction,andtheCellTheory.**CellStructure**:Explorationofthestructureoftypicaleukaryoticcells,including:**CellMembrane**:Structure,composition(lipidbilayer,proteins),functio
nsincelltransport,signaling,andrecognition.**Cytoplasm**:Composition,organellessuspendedwithin(e.g.,cytoskeleton,ribosomes).**Nucleus**:Structure,functions(DNAstorage,transcription,regulationofcellacti
vities).**Organelles**:Detailedexaminationoforganellessuchasmitochondria,endoplasmicreticulum,Golgiapparatus,lysosomes,andtheirrolesincellularprocesses.**ProkaryoticCells**:Comparisonofprokaryotica
ndeukaryoticcellstructures,emphasizingdifferencesinorganelles,geneticmaterial(nonucleusinprokaryotes),andcellularprocesses.**CellularOrganizationandFunction**:Integrationofcellularcomponentsandorgan
ellestosupportcellularfunctionssuchasmetabolism,proteinsynthesis,energyproduction(e.g.,ATPsynthesis),andmaintenanceofhomeostasis.**CellularTransport**:Mechanismsofcellulartransport,including:**Passi
veTransport**:Diffusion,osmosis,facilitateddiffusion.**ActiveTransport**:Ionpumps,carrierproteins,endocytosis,exocytosis.**BulkTransport**:Phagocytosis,pinocytosis.**CellCommunication**:Overviewofc
ellularcommunicationprocesses,including:**ReceptorProteins**:,electronmicroscopy,andfluorescencemicroscopy.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithasummaryofkeyconceptsrelatedtocell
structure,function,andorganization,reinforcingunderstandingofcellularbiologyfundamentals.Chapter4providesacomprehensiveexplorationofthestructureandfunctionsofcells,highlightingtheircomplexityandorga
nizationatthemicroscopiclevel.Itservesasafoundationalchapterinunderstandinghowcellularstructuresandprocessescontributetothefunctioningoforganismsandecosystems.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter4,feelfreetoask!Chapter5Chapter5of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheDynamicCell,"typically
exploresthedynamicprocessesandactivitiesthatoccurwithincells.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCellularDynamics**:Definitionofcellulardynamicsandanoverviewofthedyna
micprocessesthatoccurwithincellstomaintainlifeandrespondtoenvironmentalchanges
Chapter 7 - Cases 5 and 8
Case 5
The Garden Book Company advertised in a local newspaper the publication of its latest book on flower growing. The
advertisement indicated that orders would be taken by mail at a price of $30 per copy, but the book would be available
at all book stores as well.
In response to the advertisement, Laurel Bush sent her cheque for $30 to the Garden Book Company, and
requested in her letter that the company send her a copy of the book by return mail. Laurel mailed her letter on
February 19th. On February 21st, Laurel noticed the same book on sale at a local book store at a price of $9.95. She
purchased a copy, then went home and immediately wrote a letter to the Garden Book Company revoking her offer to
purchase the book, and requested a return of her $30 cheque. Laurel mailed her letter at 4:20 p.m. on February 21st.
The Garden Book Company received Laurel‟s letter of February 19th on February 22nd, and mailed her a letter
the same day that acknowledged her order and advised her that the book would be sent to her by courier within a few
days. The Garden Book Company received Laurel‟s letter of February 21st on February 23rd. The company ignored
her second letter, and delivered the book to the courier on February 25th.
Discuss the rights of the parties in this case. Identify and explain the legal principles and rules applicable, and
indicate in your answer how the case would be decided if the matter came before the court.
Answer:
This case raises the issues related to acceptance of an offer, and the application of rules concerning acceptance and
revocation. Students should note that Laurel Bush made an offer by mail to purchase a book. The nature of this offer might
be examined by asking the question. Was this an offer that required acceptance by an act? Was the letter of acceptance
by the Company a valid acceptance of the offer? Was the acceptance complete when the letter was mailed? Laurel's letter
of revocation would only be effective when received by the Company, and was received by it on February 23rd. The
Company, aware of the revocation, completed its part of the 'contract' on February 25th. Students may be asked if the
revocation was effective on February 23rd. Under the terms of Laurel's offer, acceptance was to be made by sending her
the book by return mail. The offer did not require acknowledgement, but rather, the performance of an act. The Company's
letter of acceptance, therefore, would probably not be effective acceptance when mailed, but only effective when received.
The mailing of the book after receipt of the letter of revocation would probably not be effective acceptance of the offer.
1
, Case 8
Tom was tired of running his business and was looking for a buyer so he could retire before the winter. Bill wanted to
buy the business, but needed another month to raise the necessary finances. Tom said to Bill: “Look, for $5,000, I will
give you an option to purchase in 30 days, but if you are not ready to buy at that time for fifty thousand, I am going to
sell it to Dan.” Bill paid Tom the $5,000. Thirty days later, Bill appeared at Tom‟s door with $45,000. Tom said: “Sorry,
I am going to sell it to Dan. I said the price was $50,000.” Bill was confused, and sought legal advice.
What advice would the lawyer provide to Bill?
Answer:
The option to purchase in this case was a promise by Tom to hold open the promise to sell the business for a 30 day
period. Offer and acceptance in the option agreement was finalized when Bill paid over the $5,000. The issue here for
students to consider is whether the $5,000 was to be a part of the purchase price of the business. Was the option a
separate contract? No mention was made of the $5,000 being a part of the purchase price. Was the offer to sell the
business for $50,000 a separate contract offer? It could be argued that it was, in which case Bill did not properly accept the
offer when he met with Tom in 30 days and presented him with $45,000 instead of the $50,000 stated in the offer.
Chapter3providesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,layingthegroundworkforunderstandingtheirbiochemicalproperties,biologicalfunctions,andcontributionstocellularandorganismalbiology.Itserves
asacrucialfoundationforfurtherexplorationintocellularstructureandfunction,genetics,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemored
etailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter3,feelfreetoask!Chapter4:InsidetheCellChapter4of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"InsidetheCell,"typicallyfocusesonthestructureandfunctio
nsofcells,whicharethebasicunitsoflife.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCells**:Definitionofcellsasthefundamentalunitsoflife,theirdiversityinstructureandfunction,andtheCellTheory.**CellSt
ructure**:Explorationofthestructureoftypicaleukaryoticcells,including:**CellMembrane**:Structure,composition(lipidbilayer,proteins),functionsincelltransport,signaling,andrecognition.**Cytoplasm**:Composition,organell
essuspendedwithin(e.g.,cytoskeleton,ribosomes).**Nucleus**:Structure,functions(DNAstorage,transcription,regulationofcellactivities).**Organelles**:Detailedexaminationoforganellessuchasmitochondria,endoplasmicreticul
um,Golgiapparatus,lysosomes,andtheirrolesincellularprocesses.**ProkaryoticCells**:Comparisonofprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellstructures,emphasizingdifferencesinorganelles,geneticmaterial(nonucleusinprokaryotes),andcel
lularprocesses.**CellularOrganizationandFunction**:Integrationofcellularcomponentsandorganellestosupportcellularfunctionssuchasmetabolism,proteinsynthesis,energyproduction(e.g.,ATPsynthesis),andmaintenanceofhome
ostasis.**CellularTransport**:Mechanismsofcellulartransport,including:**PassiveTransport**:Diffusion,osmosis,facilitateddiffusion.**ActiveTransport**:Ionpumps,carrierproteins,endocytosis,exocytosis.**BulkTransport*
*:Phagocytosis,pinocytosis.**CellCommunication**:Overviewofcellularcommunicationprocesses,including:**ReceptorProteins**:,electronmicroscopy,andfluorescencemicroscopy.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapte
rconcludeswithasummaryofkeyconceptsrelatedtocellstructure,function,andorganization,reinforcingunderstandingofcellularbiologyfundamentals.Chapter4providesacomprehensiveexplorationofthestructureandfunctionsofcells,h
ighlightingtheircomplexityandorganizationatthemicroscopiclevel.Itservesasafoundationalchapterinunderstandinghowcellularstructuresandprocessescontributetothefunctioningoforganismsandecosystems.Ifyouhavespecificques
tionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter4,feelfreetoask!Chapter5Chapter5of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheDynamicCell,"typica
llyexploresthedynamicprocessesandactivitiesthatoccurwithincells.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCellularDynamics**:Definitionofcellulardynamicsandanoverviewofthedynamicprocesses
thatoccurwithincellstomaintainlifeandrespondtoenvironmentalchanges
Chapter 8 - Cases 1 and 8
Case 1
Jane and Henry were married and Jane‟s father, a farmer, told her and Henry that he had no use for the old pasture
north of the meadow. He suggested that they could build a house on the property, saying, “It will be all yours anyhow
when I‟m gone.” Jane and Henry did so, and five years later, Jane and her father had a terrible falling out. Her father
changed his will to give all of his property to the Humane Society, and within the year he died. When the executor of
the will read its terms, he began proceedings to evict Jane and Henry from the property and to sell their house.
Discuss the legal issues raised in this scenario.
Answer:
2
, The facts of this case raise the issue of promissory estoppel, since Jane and Henry clearly acted to their detriment by
building a house on the property in reliance on her father‟s promise of the property on his death. One question may be the
extent of the property Jane and Henry may claim. Would this be only the “old pasture north of the meadow”or the father‟s
entire estate? A court might decide that their claim would be limited to the property where the house was located, as their
reliance on the father‟s promise (by building a house) was limited to „the old pasture‟.
Case 8
Levine‟s car stopped running on the highway, and a passing motorist called a service station for him on a mobile
phone. The service station called an independent tow truck operator, who soon towed the car to the service station,
some 5 km distant. A mechanic examined the car, and realized that a wire had come loose from the distributor cap.
He snapped the wire back into place, and wrote up a bill. Levine was charged $5 for the repair and $175 for the tow.
Levine was outraged and refused to pay.
What would be the nature of the claim, and what factors would the court consider in deciding the case?
Chapter3providesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,layingthegroundworkforunderstandingtheirbiochemicalproperties,biologicalfunctions,andcontributionstocellularandorganismalbiology.Itserves
asacrucialfoundationforfurtherexplorationintocellularstructureandfunction,genetics,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemored
etailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter3,feelfreetoask!Chapter4:InsidetheCellChapter4of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"InsidetheCell,"typicallyfocusesonthestructureandfunctio
nsofcells,whicharethebasicunitsoflife.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCells**:Definitionofcellsasthefundamentalunitsoflife,theirdiversityinstructureandfunction,andtheCellTheory.**CellSt
ructure**:Explorationofthestructureoftypicaleukaryoticcells,including:**CellMembrane**:Structure,composition(lipidbilayer,proteins),functionsincelltransport,signaling,andrecognition.**Cytoplasm**:Composition,organell
essuspendedwithin(e.g.,cytoskeleton,ribosomes).**Nucleus**:Structure,functions(DNAstorage,transcription,regulationofcellactivities).**Organelles**:Detailedexaminationoforganellessuchasmitochondria,endoplasmicreticul
um,Golgiapparatus,lysosomes,andtheirrolesincellularprocesses.**ProkaryoticCells**:Comparisonofprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellstructures,emphasizingdifferencesinorganelles,geneticmaterial(nonucleusinprokaryotes),andcel
lularprocesses.**CellularOrganizationandFunction**:Integrationofcellularcomponentsandorganellestosupportcellularfunctionssuchasmetabolism,proteinsynthesis,energyproduction(e.g.,ATPsynthesis),andmaintenanceofhome
ostasis.**CellularTransport**:Mechanismsofcellulartransport,including:**PassiveTransport**:Diffusion,osmosis,facilitateddiffusion.**ActiveTransport**:Ionpumps,carrierproteins,endocytosis,exocytosis.**BulkTransport*
*:Phagocytosis,pinocytosis.**CellCommunication**:Overviewofcellularcommunicationprocesses,including:**ReceptorProteins**:,electronmicroscopy,andfluorescencemicroscopy.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapte
rconcludeswithasummaryofkeyconceptsrelatedtocellstructure,function,andorganization,reinforcingunderstandingofcellularbiologyfundamentals.Chapter4providesacomprehensiveexplorationofthestructureandfunctionsofcells,h
ighlightingtheircomplexityandorganizationatthemicroscopiclevel.Itservesasafoundationalchapterinunderstandinghowcellularstructuresandprocessescontributetothefunctioningoforganismsandecosystems.Ifyouhavespecificques
tionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter4,feelfreetoask!Chapter5Chapter5of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheDynamicCell,"typica
llyexploresthedynamicprocessesandactivitiesthatoccurwithincells.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCellularDynamics**:Definitionofcellulardynamicsandanoverviewofthedynamicprocesses
thatoccurwithincellstomaintainlifeandrespondtoenvironmentalchanges
Answer:
This case concerns quantum meruit. The passing motorist made the call to the service station at Levine‟s request. The
request for service was probably broad enough to authorize the service station operator to tow Levine‟s vehicle to the
service station – a reasonable expectation, but was it also reasonable for Levine to believe that the service station
operator might come to where Levine‟s vehicle was located to make the repairs? Probably not. Under quantum meruit, the
service station operator would be entitled to charge a reasonable price for his services. The $5 was probably reasonable.
The tow truck operator charged $175 for a 10 km. round trip. Was this a reasonable charge? If this was the usual charge
by other operators in the area, then the charge would stand, and Levine would be obliged to pay both of the charges.
PART I
3
, LEGAL FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 1
LAW AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM
LEARNING GOALS
1. To provide an understanding what a law is, its sources, and how it is enforced.
2. To provide an outline of the legal system and its operation.
3. To outline alternative methods of resolving disputes between persons or businesses.
Chapter3providesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,layingthegroundworkforunderstandingtheirbiochemicalproperties,biologicalfunctions,andcontributionstocellularandorga
nismalbiology.Itservesasacrucialfoundationforfurtherexplorationintocellularstructureandfunction,genetics,andphysiologicalmechanismscoveredinsubsequentchaptersofthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificques
tionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter3,feelfreetoask!Chapter4:InsidetheCellChapter4of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindels
pecht,titled"InsidetheCell,"typicallyfocusesonthestructureandfunctionsofcells,whicharethebasicunitsoflife.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoCells**:Definitionofcellsa
sthefundamentalunitsoflife,theirdiversityinstructureandfunction,andtheCellTheory.**CellStructure**:Explorationofthestructureoftypicaleukaryoticcells,including:**CellMembrane**:Structure,composit
ion(lipidbilayer,proteins),functionsincelltransport,signaling,andrecognition.**Cytoplasm**:Composition,organellessuspendedwithin(e.g.,cytoskeleton,ribosomes).**Nucleus**:Structure,functions(DNA
storage,transcription,regulationofcellactivities).**Organelles**:Detailedexaminationoforganellessuchasmitochondria,endoplasmicreticulum,Golgiapparatus,lysosomes,andtheirrolesincellularprocesses.*
*ProkaryoticCells**:Comparisonofprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellstructures,emphasizingdifferencesinorganelles,geneticmaterial(nonucleusinprokaryotes),andcellularprocesses.**CellularOrganizationand
Function**:Integrationofcellularcomponentsandorganellestosupportcellularfunctionssuchasmetabolism,proteinsynthesis,energyproduction(e.g.,ATPsynthesis),andmaintenanceofhomeostasis.**CellularT
ransport**:Mechanismsofcellulartransport,including:**PassiveTransport**:Diffusion,osmosis,facilitateddiffusion.**ActiveTransport**:Ionpumps,carrierproteins,endocytosis,exocytosis.**BulkTranspo
rt**:Phagocytosis,pinocytosis.**CellCommunication**:Overviewofcellularcommunicationprocesses,including:**ReceptorProteins**:,electronmicroscopy,andfluorescencemicroscopy.**SummaryandK
eyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithasummaryofkeyconceptsrelatedtocellstructure,function,andorganization,reinforcingunderstandingofcellularbiologyfundamentals.Chapter4providesacomprehensiv
eexplorationofthestructureandfunctionsofcells,highlightingtheircomplexityandorganizationatthemicroscopiclevel.Itservesasafoundationalchapterinunderstandinghowcellularstructuresandprocessescontrib
utetothefunctioningoforganismsandecosystems.IfyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthesetopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter4,feelfreetoask!Chapter5Chapter5of"E
ssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheDynamicCell,"typicallyexploresthedynamicprocessesandactivitiesthatoccurwithincells.Here‘sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthi
schapter:**IntroductiontoCellularDynamics**:Definitionofcellulardynamicsandanoverviewofthedynamicprocessesthatoccurwithincellstomaintainlifeandrespondtoenvironmentalchanges
CHAPTER COMMENTARY
Chapter 1 is introductory in nature, and provides a general background concerning the nature
of law, how laws developed, the general need for some rules to govern the behaviour of
individuals, and the establishment of the various fundamental rights and duties of persons in
society. It also examines the legal system and how it is used to resolve disputes.
In class discussion, special emphasis should be placed upon the sources of law in order
that students may have a clear idea of what they are and where they may be found. Many
students fail to realize that the common law and equity represent a large body of law, and the
scope and application of these sources of law should be emphasized in class discussion of the
chapter. In the context of the courts and the law, the doctrine of precedent should be noted,
and its purpose and application discussed with emphasis on the need for "predictability" in the
application of the law to cases that come before the courts. It would be worthwhile to note as
well that some judges of the Supreme Court of Canada have expressed the view that they, as
judges of the highest court in the land, do not consider themselves bound by the doctrine, but
would only change a common law rule where it had become inappropriate in a modern social
setting. (This point is not set out in the text).
The role of the courts as the chief interpreter of the constitution is also noted, and
should be emphasized in any class discussion of the enforcement of rights under the Charter.
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is set out in Appendix ‘A’ of the text for reference by
students. As an approach to teaching this part of the chapter, a systematic examination of the
fundamental rights and freedoms may be made with the class requested to provide a fact
situation related to a freedom or right, and then have the class speculate as to how the Charter
might be interpreted by the court as it relates to the matter. With each fundamental right or
freedom it is important to emphasize that the freedom or right must be viewed in the light of
s.1 which makes the right "subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be
demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society," and not absolute. The
"notwithstanding" clause (s. 33) which permits legislatures or parliament to override the
Charter rights should be noted as well. Students should note that the province of Quebec used
4
