,TESTBANK for Psychopathology History,
Diagnosis, and Empirical Foundations,3rd
Edition by W. Edward Craighead
Hello all ,
We have all what you need with best price
Our email :
Our website :
testbanks-store.com
, Chapter 1: Diagnosis: Conceptual Issues and Controversies
1. ____________ are observable indicators (e.g., crying) of psychopathology, whereas _________
are subjective indicators (e.g., self-reports of sadness).
a. Signs; symptoms
b. Disorders; syndromes
c. Compulsions; symptoms
d. Syndromes; signs
2. Which of the following is one of the four criteria Robins and Guze outlined for the validity of a
psychiatric diagnosis:
a. A valid diagnosis must offer information regarding natural history including course and
outcome.
b. A valid diagnosis must offer information regarding the prevalence of a disorder in first-
degree relatives of probands.
c. A valid diagnosis includes data from psychological, biological, and laboratory tests
d. All the above are criteria for a valid diagnosis.
3. One limitation of the Robins and Guze (1970) approach to construct validation is its exclusive
emphasis on what type of validity?
a. Internal validity
b. External validity
c. Construct validity
d. Ecological validity
4. Which of the following is true of psychiatric diagnoses:
a. Psychiatric diagnoses pigeonhole individuals.
b. Psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable.
c. Psychiatric diagnoses may reduce stigma.
d. None of the above.
5. The _____________ model defines a disorder based on the relative infrequency with which a
condition occurs in the general population.
a. Subjective-distress
b. Biological
c. Statistical
d. Phenotypic
6. A lack of theoretical agnosticism is a criticism of which document(s) of psychiatric classification?
a. DSM-I and DSM-II
b. DSM-III
c. ICD 10
, d. DSM-5
7. The introduction of standardized diagnostic criteria, algorithms and hierarchical exclusion rules
into the DSM-III led to what?
a. Criticisms as the “Chinese menu” approach to psychiatric diagnoses
b. Decreased subjectivity of diagnoses
c. Increased interrater reliability of psychiatric diagnoses
d. All of the above
8. In the ________ approach to diagnosis, the signs and symptoms are neither necessary nor
sufficient for a diagnosis.
a. Monothetic
b. Hierarchical
c. Polythetic
d. Biological
9. DSM-IV and DSM-5 have been extensively criticized for which of the following?
a. Comorbidity
b. Medicalization of normality
c. Categorical classification of disorders
d. All of the above
10. Which of the following is true about a dimensional approach to psychiatric diagnoses?
a. The approach has been adopted by the DSM-5.
b. Personality dimensions capture the full variance in psychiatric disorders.
c. The approach may be limited due to the neglected distinction between basic tendencies
and characteristic adaptations.
d. None of the above.
, Chapter 2: Social Anxiety Disorder
1. Children do not typically describe experiencing panic attacks in social situations, rather their
anxiety tends to manifest as:
a. Bedwetting or toilet training problems
b. Crying or tantrums
c. Hostility or resentment
d. Obsessive thoughts or actions
2. Which two disorders does SAD most frequently co-occur with?
a. Depression and anxiety disorders
b. Depression and bipolar I disorder
c. Anxiety disorders and schizoaffective disorder
d. Anxiety disorders and bipolar I disorder
3. Research has shown that SAD and alcohol dependence are related, and it has been suggested
that SAD may be a risk factor for the development of alcohol problems.
a. True
b. False
4. What conclusion have researchers come to concerning the role of genetics in social anxiety?
a. There is no relation between genetics and the development of SAD.
b. One gene has been identified as the sole contributor to the development of SAD.
c. There are a few genes that are directly related to the development of the
disorder, but these specific genes have yet to be identified.
d. It is likely that an underlying behavioral trait is genetically transmitted, which
then contributes to the development of SAD and other psychopathologies.
5. Which of the following neurotransmitters are most frequently associated with SAD?
a. Dopamine and Norepinephrine
b. Serotonin and Epinephrine
c. Serotonin and Dopamine
d. Norepinephrine and Oxytocin
6. All of the following biases in information processing have been evaluated in individuals with SAD
except:
a. Attentional bias
b. Emotional bias
c. Judgment and interpretation bias
d. Imagery and visual memory bias
,7. Infant temperament has no relation to the development of social and processing deficits seen in
individuals with SAD.
a. True
b. False
8. Which of the following limitations regarding the dissemination of empirically validated
treatments for SAD do the authors highlight?
a. Individuals with generalized SAD are less likely to seek treatment due to fear of
what others think of them.
b. Clinicians generally prefer to not use empirically validated approaches in treating
SAD.
c. Empirically supported treatments for SAD are too costly.
d. More research needs to be done in this area as there are currently no empirically
validated treatments for SAD.
9. MAOIs are the “first-line” pharmacological treatments for SAD.
a. True
b. False
10. To receive a diagnosis of SAD, the fear or anxiety must have lasted for:
a. 3 months or more
b. 6 months or more
c. 2 months or more
d. 4 months or more
11. Which brain region has shown greater activation when individuals with SAD are shown
threatening faces, with the magnitude of activation reflecting severity of SAD (Phan, Fitzgerald, &
Nathan, 2006)?
a. Insula
b. Occipital cortex
c. Hippocampus
d. Amygdala
12. A widely used CBT protocol for SAD includes which primary component?
a. Exposure
b. Homework
c. Cognitive Restructuring
d. All of the above
,13. Clark and Wells’ (1995) cognitive behavioral model of SAD posits that
a. Attention of the person with SAD is focused on internal symptoms of anxiety
b. Attention of the person with SAD is split between internal focus and an external
search for indicators of evaluation
c. Subtle avoidance behaviors, such as conversing but remaining passive in the
conversation, play a central role in the maintenance of SAD
d. Both a. and c.
, Chapter 3: Panic Disorder (PD)
1. Which of the following is not a common feature of panic attacks?
a. Discrete onset
b. Rapid peaking
c. Intense fear or discomfort
d. Fainting
2. Which of the following distinguishes panic attacks in PD from panic attacks associated with
other anxiety disorders?
a. They are “full-blown” panic attacks.
b. They cause the individual to develop persistent apprehension about having
another panic attack.
c. During the panic attack, individuals feel like they might lose control or go crazy.
d. The panic attacks are not responsive to benzodiazepine treatment.
3. Which of the following is not a type of panic attack discussed in the article?
a. Nocturnal panic attacks
b. Noncognitive panic attacks
c. Rational panic attacks
d. Limited symptom panic attacks
4. Which of the following is the best example of a safety behavior?
a. Seeing a physician to rule out physiological causes of panic attacks when starting
CBT treatment
b. Carrying around an empty benzodiazepine pill bottle
c. Counting to a certain number every time the phone rings
d. A patient calling his child’s school to make sure nothing has happened to the child
5. The fears of people with agoraphobia differ from the fears of individuals with PD in that …
a. The fears are more frequently felt in agoraphobia.
b. Individuals with agoraphobia fear incapacitating symptoms rather than panic
attacks themselves.
c. Fears in agoraphobia are less realistic than fears in PD.
d. Individuals with agoraphobia lack awareness of the content of their fears.
6. In studies of community samples, agoraphobia is almost always accompanied by a history of a
full-blown panic attack or panic-like symptoms.
a. True
b. False
7. Interoceptive avoidance is …
a. Avoidance that the patient is aware of.
b. Avoidance of open spaces and public transit.
c. Avoidance of talking about panic symptoms.
d. Avoidance of certain bodily sensations and internal states.
,8. Which of the following does not increase the risk for the development of PD?
a. Childhood trauma
b. Respiratory illness in family members
c. Insecure early attachment
d. Increased heart rate variability
9. Which of the following is probably the most effective component of CBT for PD?
a. Exposure exercises
b. Relaxation and breathing training
c. Psychoeducation
d. Cognitive restructuring
10. What is the primary drawback of pharmacological treatment of PD?
a. Low treatment adherence rates
b. Relapse on discontinuation of treatment
c. High cost
d. Long delay before onset of clinical action
11. A major form of CBT for PD treatment is?
a. Clark’s cognitive therapy for panic disorder
b. Barlow and Craske’s panic control treatment (PCT)
c. Both a) and b)
d. Neither of the above
12. According to family studies, the heritability of PD accounts for approximately what percentage of
the variance in PD?
a. 50 to 60%
b. 10 to 20%
c. 45 to 55%
d. 30 to 40%
13. Which of the following types of avoidance can be characterized as experiential avoidance?
a. Safety behaviors
b. Interoceptive avoidance
c. Distraction behaviors
d. Both b) and c)
, Chapter 4: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
1. Which of the following is not one of the diagnostic symptoms of GAD listed in DSM-5?
a. Feeling on edge
b. Irritability
c. Low mood
d. Sleep disturbance
2. Which of the following is one of the key features that distinguishes worry in GAD from normal
worry?
a. It temporarily reduces anxiety.
b. The content of the worry.
c. The individual feels that they cannot control the worry.
d. The worry is carried out in a ritualized and mechanical way.
3. Which of the following is not a negative prognostic indicator for recovery from GAD discussed in
the chapter?
a. Length of illness.
b. Difficult family relationships.
c. Comorbid personality disorder.
d. Stressful life events.
4. In one etiological model of GAD, worry is considered to be part of constructive problem-focused
coping in healthy individuals. In this model, individuals who go on to develop GAD …
a. Have parents with high levels of negative expressed emotion.
b. Lack confidence in their ability to solve problems.
c. Have high levels of neuroticism.
d. Lack serotonin receptors in key areas of the brain.
5. Type 2 or “meta” worry is …
a. Globalized worry about all aspects of life.
b. Worry about individuals that one is close to.
c. Worry regarding things that one has no control over (e.g., world events).
d. Worry about worrying itself.
6. Which of the following is not a brain region widely held to be associated with GAD?
a. Basal ganglia
b. Amygdala
c. Cerebellum
d. Superior temporal gyrus
Diagnosis, and Empirical Foundations,3rd
Edition by W. Edward Craighead
Hello all ,
We have all what you need with best price
Our email :
Our website :
testbanks-store.com
, Chapter 1: Diagnosis: Conceptual Issues and Controversies
1. ____________ are observable indicators (e.g., crying) of psychopathology, whereas _________
are subjective indicators (e.g., self-reports of sadness).
a. Signs; symptoms
b. Disorders; syndromes
c. Compulsions; symptoms
d. Syndromes; signs
2. Which of the following is one of the four criteria Robins and Guze outlined for the validity of a
psychiatric diagnosis:
a. A valid diagnosis must offer information regarding natural history including course and
outcome.
b. A valid diagnosis must offer information regarding the prevalence of a disorder in first-
degree relatives of probands.
c. A valid diagnosis includes data from psychological, biological, and laboratory tests
d. All the above are criteria for a valid diagnosis.
3. One limitation of the Robins and Guze (1970) approach to construct validation is its exclusive
emphasis on what type of validity?
a. Internal validity
b. External validity
c. Construct validity
d. Ecological validity
4. Which of the following is true of psychiatric diagnoses:
a. Psychiatric diagnoses pigeonhole individuals.
b. Psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable.
c. Psychiatric diagnoses may reduce stigma.
d. None of the above.
5. The _____________ model defines a disorder based on the relative infrequency with which a
condition occurs in the general population.
a. Subjective-distress
b. Biological
c. Statistical
d. Phenotypic
6. A lack of theoretical agnosticism is a criticism of which document(s) of psychiatric classification?
a. DSM-I and DSM-II
b. DSM-III
c. ICD 10
, d. DSM-5
7. The introduction of standardized diagnostic criteria, algorithms and hierarchical exclusion rules
into the DSM-III led to what?
a. Criticisms as the “Chinese menu” approach to psychiatric diagnoses
b. Decreased subjectivity of diagnoses
c. Increased interrater reliability of psychiatric diagnoses
d. All of the above
8. In the ________ approach to diagnosis, the signs and symptoms are neither necessary nor
sufficient for a diagnosis.
a. Monothetic
b. Hierarchical
c. Polythetic
d. Biological
9. DSM-IV and DSM-5 have been extensively criticized for which of the following?
a. Comorbidity
b. Medicalization of normality
c. Categorical classification of disorders
d. All of the above
10. Which of the following is true about a dimensional approach to psychiatric diagnoses?
a. The approach has been adopted by the DSM-5.
b. Personality dimensions capture the full variance in psychiatric disorders.
c. The approach may be limited due to the neglected distinction between basic tendencies
and characteristic adaptations.
d. None of the above.
, Chapter 2: Social Anxiety Disorder
1. Children do not typically describe experiencing panic attacks in social situations, rather their
anxiety tends to manifest as:
a. Bedwetting or toilet training problems
b. Crying or tantrums
c. Hostility or resentment
d. Obsessive thoughts or actions
2. Which two disorders does SAD most frequently co-occur with?
a. Depression and anxiety disorders
b. Depression and bipolar I disorder
c. Anxiety disorders and schizoaffective disorder
d. Anxiety disorders and bipolar I disorder
3. Research has shown that SAD and alcohol dependence are related, and it has been suggested
that SAD may be a risk factor for the development of alcohol problems.
a. True
b. False
4. What conclusion have researchers come to concerning the role of genetics in social anxiety?
a. There is no relation between genetics and the development of SAD.
b. One gene has been identified as the sole contributor to the development of SAD.
c. There are a few genes that are directly related to the development of the
disorder, but these specific genes have yet to be identified.
d. It is likely that an underlying behavioral trait is genetically transmitted, which
then contributes to the development of SAD and other psychopathologies.
5. Which of the following neurotransmitters are most frequently associated with SAD?
a. Dopamine and Norepinephrine
b. Serotonin and Epinephrine
c. Serotonin and Dopamine
d. Norepinephrine and Oxytocin
6. All of the following biases in information processing have been evaluated in individuals with SAD
except:
a. Attentional bias
b. Emotional bias
c. Judgment and interpretation bias
d. Imagery and visual memory bias
,7. Infant temperament has no relation to the development of social and processing deficits seen in
individuals with SAD.
a. True
b. False
8. Which of the following limitations regarding the dissemination of empirically validated
treatments for SAD do the authors highlight?
a. Individuals with generalized SAD are less likely to seek treatment due to fear of
what others think of them.
b. Clinicians generally prefer to not use empirically validated approaches in treating
SAD.
c. Empirically supported treatments for SAD are too costly.
d. More research needs to be done in this area as there are currently no empirically
validated treatments for SAD.
9. MAOIs are the “first-line” pharmacological treatments for SAD.
a. True
b. False
10. To receive a diagnosis of SAD, the fear or anxiety must have lasted for:
a. 3 months or more
b. 6 months or more
c. 2 months or more
d. 4 months or more
11. Which brain region has shown greater activation when individuals with SAD are shown
threatening faces, with the magnitude of activation reflecting severity of SAD (Phan, Fitzgerald, &
Nathan, 2006)?
a. Insula
b. Occipital cortex
c. Hippocampus
d. Amygdala
12. A widely used CBT protocol for SAD includes which primary component?
a. Exposure
b. Homework
c. Cognitive Restructuring
d. All of the above
,13. Clark and Wells’ (1995) cognitive behavioral model of SAD posits that
a. Attention of the person with SAD is focused on internal symptoms of anxiety
b. Attention of the person with SAD is split between internal focus and an external
search for indicators of evaluation
c. Subtle avoidance behaviors, such as conversing but remaining passive in the
conversation, play a central role in the maintenance of SAD
d. Both a. and c.
, Chapter 3: Panic Disorder (PD)
1. Which of the following is not a common feature of panic attacks?
a. Discrete onset
b. Rapid peaking
c. Intense fear or discomfort
d. Fainting
2. Which of the following distinguishes panic attacks in PD from panic attacks associated with
other anxiety disorders?
a. They are “full-blown” panic attacks.
b. They cause the individual to develop persistent apprehension about having
another panic attack.
c. During the panic attack, individuals feel like they might lose control or go crazy.
d. The panic attacks are not responsive to benzodiazepine treatment.
3. Which of the following is not a type of panic attack discussed in the article?
a. Nocturnal panic attacks
b. Noncognitive panic attacks
c. Rational panic attacks
d. Limited symptom panic attacks
4. Which of the following is the best example of a safety behavior?
a. Seeing a physician to rule out physiological causes of panic attacks when starting
CBT treatment
b. Carrying around an empty benzodiazepine pill bottle
c. Counting to a certain number every time the phone rings
d. A patient calling his child’s school to make sure nothing has happened to the child
5. The fears of people with agoraphobia differ from the fears of individuals with PD in that …
a. The fears are more frequently felt in agoraphobia.
b. Individuals with agoraphobia fear incapacitating symptoms rather than panic
attacks themselves.
c. Fears in agoraphobia are less realistic than fears in PD.
d. Individuals with agoraphobia lack awareness of the content of their fears.
6. In studies of community samples, agoraphobia is almost always accompanied by a history of a
full-blown panic attack or panic-like symptoms.
a. True
b. False
7. Interoceptive avoidance is …
a. Avoidance that the patient is aware of.
b. Avoidance of open spaces and public transit.
c. Avoidance of talking about panic symptoms.
d. Avoidance of certain bodily sensations and internal states.
,8. Which of the following does not increase the risk for the development of PD?
a. Childhood trauma
b. Respiratory illness in family members
c. Insecure early attachment
d. Increased heart rate variability
9. Which of the following is probably the most effective component of CBT for PD?
a. Exposure exercises
b. Relaxation and breathing training
c. Psychoeducation
d. Cognitive restructuring
10. What is the primary drawback of pharmacological treatment of PD?
a. Low treatment adherence rates
b. Relapse on discontinuation of treatment
c. High cost
d. Long delay before onset of clinical action
11. A major form of CBT for PD treatment is?
a. Clark’s cognitive therapy for panic disorder
b. Barlow and Craske’s panic control treatment (PCT)
c. Both a) and b)
d. Neither of the above
12. According to family studies, the heritability of PD accounts for approximately what percentage of
the variance in PD?
a. 50 to 60%
b. 10 to 20%
c. 45 to 55%
d. 30 to 40%
13. Which of the following types of avoidance can be characterized as experiential avoidance?
a. Safety behaviors
b. Interoceptive avoidance
c. Distraction behaviors
d. Both b) and c)
, Chapter 4: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
1. Which of the following is not one of the diagnostic symptoms of GAD listed in DSM-5?
a. Feeling on edge
b. Irritability
c. Low mood
d. Sleep disturbance
2. Which of the following is one of the key features that distinguishes worry in GAD from normal
worry?
a. It temporarily reduces anxiety.
b. The content of the worry.
c. The individual feels that they cannot control the worry.
d. The worry is carried out in a ritualized and mechanical way.
3. Which of the following is not a negative prognostic indicator for recovery from GAD discussed in
the chapter?
a. Length of illness.
b. Difficult family relationships.
c. Comorbid personality disorder.
d. Stressful life events.
4. In one etiological model of GAD, worry is considered to be part of constructive problem-focused
coping in healthy individuals. In this model, individuals who go on to develop GAD …
a. Have parents with high levels of negative expressed emotion.
b. Lack confidence in their ability to solve problems.
c. Have high levels of neuroticism.
d. Lack serotonin receptors in key areas of the brain.
5. Type 2 or “meta” worry is …
a. Globalized worry about all aspects of life.
b. Worry about individuals that one is close to.
c. Worry regarding things that one has no control over (e.g., world events).
d. Worry about worrying itself.
6. Which of the following is not a brain region widely held to be associated with GAD?
a. Basal ganglia
b. Amygdala
c. Cerebellum
d. Superior temporal gyrus
