, TESTBANK for Social Beings Core Motives in
Social Psychology, 4th Edition by Susan T. Fiske
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,Chapter 1: Introduction: Adaptive Motives for Social Situations, via Cultures and Brains
1) What is the classic definition of social psychology?
- The scientific attempt to explain how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are
influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others
2) The scientific belief in the significance of context in shaping people’s thoughts, feelings and
behaviors is known as what?
- Situationism
3) Ordinary people _____ personalities in shaping behavior and ______ situations in shaping
behavior.
- Overemphasize, underemphasize
4) According to evolutionary psychology, what is the term used to emphasize the idea that some
social groups survive better than others?
- Group selection
5) What are the five core social motives? List all five and define one in a sentence.
- Belonging (the need for strong stable relationships)
- Understanding (the need for shared meaning and prediction)
- Controlling (the need for perceived contingency between behavior and outcomes)
- Enhancing Self (the need for viewing the self as basically worthy or improvable)
- Trusting Others (the need for viewing others as basically benign)
6) Personality cannot be the whole explanation for behavior because it does not usually predict
what?
- Specific behavior in a random situation
7) Which core social motive comprises people’s desire to make sense of their environment in
order to predict what will happen next?
- Understanding
8) When people attempt to make sense of their world, they often share their theories with other
people, in an effort to reach agreement. What is another name for these shared understandings?
- Social representations or Group meaning
9) Which core social motive most represents a need for strong, stable relationships?
- Belonging
,10) Trauma caused by other people poses the gravest threat to which core social motive?
- Trusting others
11) Which core social motive corresponds to Robert White’s (1959) concept of effectance?
- Controlling
12) Which core social motive includes the need to maintain self-esteem?
- Enhancing self
13) The need to perceive the social world as a benevolent place reflects which core social
motive?
- Trusting others
14) What are the differences between individualist and collectivist cultures?
- Individualist cultures emphasize the autonomous person while collectivist cultures
emphasize groups (such as the family, the community, the organization, and the country).
15) Cultural psychologists identify Asian, African, and South American cultures as more
generally _____, while North American and European cultures are more _____ on the whole.
- Collectivist, individualist
16) The statement, “Sometimes when I am with others, I seem to lose track of what I personally
want” reflects which cultural phenomenon?
- Harmony control
17) Sherif’s (1935) experiment involving the autokinetic effect demonstrated the power of which
general social psychological phenomenon?
- Social influence or Norms
18) Which branch of psychology takes into account Darwinian notions of inheritance and applies
them to the design of the mind?
- Evolutionary psychology
19) Cultures that tend to emphasize power differentials between those at the top and bottom of a
hierarchy are said to have high ____.
- Power distance
20) What is the social psychology term for all the action in communication that is made without
words?
- Nonverbal behavior
,Chapter 2: Specific Methods for Studying People in Interaction
1) The way in which social psychologists develop hypotheses, based on both theory and
application to social problems, is known as _____.
- Conceptualization
2) In order to evaluate scientific hypotheses, social psychologists must test them in a way
that makes sense. This shift from conceptualization to empirical testing is referred
to as what?
- Operationalization
3) What are the four characteristics that make for a good theory? List all four and define one in a
sentence.
- Causal relationships (that some behavior occurs because of some prior situation)
- Coherence (all the parts of the theory agree with each other and the theory makes
internal sense)
- Parsimony (they are compact, explaining things simply, using as few concepts as
absolutely necessary)
- Falsifiability (the theory has to be stated in such a way that it is possible to produce data
that would make the researchers conclude that the theory is wrong or wrong in part)
4) A statement of the relationship that is expected to exist between two or more conceptual
variables is called ____.
- A hypothesis
5) A researcher is interested in studying how people form interracial friendships, but
instead of devising her own original experiment, she decides to analyze this research
question across many existing studies. What technique is she using?
- Meta-analysis
6) If other people can examine and replicate the methods and data of the original
methods, then the methods are _____.
- Publicly reproducible
7) What are the two important elements of observational accuracy?
- Observational precision
- Lack of observational bias
8) A true random sample requires that every member of the population of interest has an ____
chance of being in the sample.
,- Equal
9) What are the three factors needed to infer causality?
- Association
- Temporal priority
- Rule out alternative explanations, or establish a nonspurious relationship
10) The ____ variable is manipulated by the experimenter, while the ______ variable is what is
measured or recorded by the experimenter.
- Independent, dependent
11) What are the three components of a true experiment?
- Manipulation
- Randomization
- Control
12) Ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic class are examples of what kind of variable?
- Demographic variables
13) What is temporal priority?
- When the alleged cause has to come before the alleged effect
14) When an extraneous variable is manipulated simultaneously with the independent
variable of interest, it is said to be doing what?
- Confounding
15) The impact of an independent variable alone, independent from any other independent
variables, is called what?
- A main effect
16) An experiment aims to test whether watching certain types of movies (romantic versus
horror) can significantly impact current mood, and whether this effect differs by gender. The
results show that watching a romantic movie increases short-term mood for women as compared
to when they watch a horror film, but that neither type of movie has a significant impact on
mood for men. In other words, the effect of film type depends on
the gender of the viewer. What is this result an example of?
- An interaction
17) An experiment that is experimentally sound is said to be high on what?
- Internal validity
,18) What does it mean to say that an experimental effect has external validity?
- The effect is generalizable from the experimental sample to the population of
Interest
19) Amy and Becky are students in the same Spanish class, and have always been equally
proficient in the subject. As part of an experiment, a scientist claiming to have specialized
knowledge tells their teacher that Amy is likely to surpass Becky in reading
comprehension by the end of the year. Even though this advice has no basis, sure enough, Amy
ends up earning a better grade in reading comprehension than Becky. What might be the
explanation for this?
- An expectancy effect
20) Researchers’ behavior, participants’ prior experience in psychological research, and the
study setting are all potential examples of what?
- Demand characteristics
,Chapter 3: Ordinary Personology: Figuring Out Why People Do What They Do
1) What is ordinary personology?
- The process by which ordinary people seek to understand the individual people around
them.
2) In Hastorf & Cantril’s classic study involving Dartmouth and Princeton football fans, 86% of
Princeton students said that Dartmouth started the rough play, while only 36% of Dartmouth
students answered “Dartmouth”. This is a demonstration of what phenomenon?
- Selective interpretation
3) What is the bias blind spot?
- People perceive themselves to be free of the biases that plague others.
4) What are some of the most frequently noted characteristics of person perception that differ
from mere object perception? Name at least three.
- People are causal agents
- Person perception is mutual
- Observations of other people implicate the self
- The observed targets (i.e. people) are concerned with self presentation
- People’s unobservable states and traits are highly important
- People are highly changeable
- Accuracy of observations are more often difficult to verify
5) What is a deductive inference, and how is it different from an inductive inference?
- Deductive inferences are reasonings from abstractions to observations, while inductive
inferences are how people transform concrete observations of behavior into abstract
understandings.
6) ____ consists of all features of an interaction that are not words.
- Nonverbal behavior
7) According to Heider, people’s desire to see invariance in others refers to a desire to see what?
- Stable, enduring qualities
8) Observers have a broad tendency to see behavior as corresponding to dispositions even when
it may not. This phenomenon is called _______.
- Correspondence bias
,9) If explanation for a behavior has two possible causes, the role of either cause is diminished.
What is this called?
- The discounting principle
10) The consequences of some actions are generally regarded as more pleasant than those of
others. The ones that are generally held in high regard are to said to be high in what?
- Social desirability
11) When meeting new people, Dan always strives for an unambiguous, definitive understanding
of their dispositions. As per the chapter, Dan is high in what?
- A need for closure
12) Charles loves to play the clarinet. One day, as a bonus, his friend Bob starts paying him $20
every week to hear him perform. After a few months, however, Bob decides to stop paying him,
and subsequently Charles finds that he no longer enjoys playing the clarinet as much as he used
to. What phenomenon can best explain this?
- The overjustification effect
13) What are the two factors in Schacter’s theory of attributing emotion?
- Arousal
- Cognition
14) The tendency for people to take personal credit for successes but blame the situation or other
people for failures is called what?
- The self-serving attribution
15) What is the tendency for people to “overestimate the importance of dispositional factors
relative to environmental influences” called?
- The fundamental attribution error
16) People would rather blame a person for adversity, because then it gives them the feeling that
they can personally avoid it. These are called _______ .
- Defense attributions
17) The idea that people form rapid dispositional judgments of others by forming abstract
representations is reflected in the phenomenon of what?
- Spontaneous trait inferences
18) What is the difference in beliefs between entity theorists and incremental theorists?
- Entity theorists: People’s behavior is caused by relatively fixed dispositions
, - Incremental theorists: People’s behavior is caused by relatively malleable personal
qualities
19) What is the self-centered bias?
- When both people think they contributed more to a joint project than the other person
thinks they did.
20) What is the term for when people assign agency and experience to nonhuman objects?
- Anthropomorphism
Social Psychology, 4th Edition by Susan T. Fiske
Hello all ,
We have all what you need with best price
Our email :
Our website :
testbanks-store.com
,Chapter 1: Introduction: Adaptive Motives for Social Situations, via Cultures and Brains
1) What is the classic definition of social psychology?
- The scientific attempt to explain how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are
influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others
2) The scientific belief in the significance of context in shaping people’s thoughts, feelings and
behaviors is known as what?
- Situationism
3) Ordinary people _____ personalities in shaping behavior and ______ situations in shaping
behavior.
- Overemphasize, underemphasize
4) According to evolutionary psychology, what is the term used to emphasize the idea that some
social groups survive better than others?
- Group selection
5) What are the five core social motives? List all five and define one in a sentence.
- Belonging (the need for strong stable relationships)
- Understanding (the need for shared meaning and prediction)
- Controlling (the need for perceived contingency between behavior and outcomes)
- Enhancing Self (the need for viewing the self as basically worthy or improvable)
- Trusting Others (the need for viewing others as basically benign)
6) Personality cannot be the whole explanation for behavior because it does not usually predict
what?
- Specific behavior in a random situation
7) Which core social motive comprises people’s desire to make sense of their environment in
order to predict what will happen next?
- Understanding
8) When people attempt to make sense of their world, they often share their theories with other
people, in an effort to reach agreement. What is another name for these shared understandings?
- Social representations or Group meaning
9) Which core social motive most represents a need for strong, stable relationships?
- Belonging
,10) Trauma caused by other people poses the gravest threat to which core social motive?
- Trusting others
11) Which core social motive corresponds to Robert White’s (1959) concept of effectance?
- Controlling
12) Which core social motive includes the need to maintain self-esteem?
- Enhancing self
13) The need to perceive the social world as a benevolent place reflects which core social
motive?
- Trusting others
14) What are the differences between individualist and collectivist cultures?
- Individualist cultures emphasize the autonomous person while collectivist cultures
emphasize groups (such as the family, the community, the organization, and the country).
15) Cultural psychologists identify Asian, African, and South American cultures as more
generally _____, while North American and European cultures are more _____ on the whole.
- Collectivist, individualist
16) The statement, “Sometimes when I am with others, I seem to lose track of what I personally
want” reflects which cultural phenomenon?
- Harmony control
17) Sherif’s (1935) experiment involving the autokinetic effect demonstrated the power of which
general social psychological phenomenon?
- Social influence or Norms
18) Which branch of psychology takes into account Darwinian notions of inheritance and applies
them to the design of the mind?
- Evolutionary psychology
19) Cultures that tend to emphasize power differentials between those at the top and bottom of a
hierarchy are said to have high ____.
- Power distance
20) What is the social psychology term for all the action in communication that is made without
words?
- Nonverbal behavior
,Chapter 2: Specific Methods for Studying People in Interaction
1) The way in which social psychologists develop hypotheses, based on both theory and
application to social problems, is known as _____.
- Conceptualization
2) In order to evaluate scientific hypotheses, social psychologists must test them in a way
that makes sense. This shift from conceptualization to empirical testing is referred
to as what?
- Operationalization
3) What are the four characteristics that make for a good theory? List all four and define one in a
sentence.
- Causal relationships (that some behavior occurs because of some prior situation)
- Coherence (all the parts of the theory agree with each other and the theory makes
internal sense)
- Parsimony (they are compact, explaining things simply, using as few concepts as
absolutely necessary)
- Falsifiability (the theory has to be stated in such a way that it is possible to produce data
that would make the researchers conclude that the theory is wrong or wrong in part)
4) A statement of the relationship that is expected to exist between two or more conceptual
variables is called ____.
- A hypothesis
5) A researcher is interested in studying how people form interracial friendships, but
instead of devising her own original experiment, she decides to analyze this research
question across many existing studies. What technique is she using?
- Meta-analysis
6) If other people can examine and replicate the methods and data of the original
methods, then the methods are _____.
- Publicly reproducible
7) What are the two important elements of observational accuracy?
- Observational precision
- Lack of observational bias
8) A true random sample requires that every member of the population of interest has an ____
chance of being in the sample.
,- Equal
9) What are the three factors needed to infer causality?
- Association
- Temporal priority
- Rule out alternative explanations, or establish a nonspurious relationship
10) The ____ variable is manipulated by the experimenter, while the ______ variable is what is
measured or recorded by the experimenter.
- Independent, dependent
11) What are the three components of a true experiment?
- Manipulation
- Randomization
- Control
12) Ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic class are examples of what kind of variable?
- Demographic variables
13) What is temporal priority?
- When the alleged cause has to come before the alleged effect
14) When an extraneous variable is manipulated simultaneously with the independent
variable of interest, it is said to be doing what?
- Confounding
15) The impact of an independent variable alone, independent from any other independent
variables, is called what?
- A main effect
16) An experiment aims to test whether watching certain types of movies (romantic versus
horror) can significantly impact current mood, and whether this effect differs by gender. The
results show that watching a romantic movie increases short-term mood for women as compared
to when they watch a horror film, but that neither type of movie has a significant impact on
mood for men. In other words, the effect of film type depends on
the gender of the viewer. What is this result an example of?
- An interaction
17) An experiment that is experimentally sound is said to be high on what?
- Internal validity
,18) What does it mean to say that an experimental effect has external validity?
- The effect is generalizable from the experimental sample to the population of
Interest
19) Amy and Becky are students in the same Spanish class, and have always been equally
proficient in the subject. As part of an experiment, a scientist claiming to have specialized
knowledge tells their teacher that Amy is likely to surpass Becky in reading
comprehension by the end of the year. Even though this advice has no basis, sure enough, Amy
ends up earning a better grade in reading comprehension than Becky. What might be the
explanation for this?
- An expectancy effect
20) Researchers’ behavior, participants’ prior experience in psychological research, and the
study setting are all potential examples of what?
- Demand characteristics
,Chapter 3: Ordinary Personology: Figuring Out Why People Do What They Do
1) What is ordinary personology?
- The process by which ordinary people seek to understand the individual people around
them.
2) In Hastorf & Cantril’s classic study involving Dartmouth and Princeton football fans, 86% of
Princeton students said that Dartmouth started the rough play, while only 36% of Dartmouth
students answered “Dartmouth”. This is a demonstration of what phenomenon?
- Selective interpretation
3) What is the bias blind spot?
- People perceive themselves to be free of the biases that plague others.
4) What are some of the most frequently noted characteristics of person perception that differ
from mere object perception? Name at least three.
- People are causal agents
- Person perception is mutual
- Observations of other people implicate the self
- The observed targets (i.e. people) are concerned with self presentation
- People’s unobservable states and traits are highly important
- People are highly changeable
- Accuracy of observations are more often difficult to verify
5) What is a deductive inference, and how is it different from an inductive inference?
- Deductive inferences are reasonings from abstractions to observations, while inductive
inferences are how people transform concrete observations of behavior into abstract
understandings.
6) ____ consists of all features of an interaction that are not words.
- Nonverbal behavior
7) According to Heider, people’s desire to see invariance in others refers to a desire to see what?
- Stable, enduring qualities
8) Observers have a broad tendency to see behavior as corresponding to dispositions even when
it may not. This phenomenon is called _______.
- Correspondence bias
,9) If explanation for a behavior has two possible causes, the role of either cause is diminished.
What is this called?
- The discounting principle
10) The consequences of some actions are generally regarded as more pleasant than those of
others. The ones that are generally held in high regard are to said to be high in what?
- Social desirability
11) When meeting new people, Dan always strives for an unambiguous, definitive understanding
of their dispositions. As per the chapter, Dan is high in what?
- A need for closure
12) Charles loves to play the clarinet. One day, as a bonus, his friend Bob starts paying him $20
every week to hear him perform. After a few months, however, Bob decides to stop paying him,
and subsequently Charles finds that he no longer enjoys playing the clarinet as much as he used
to. What phenomenon can best explain this?
- The overjustification effect
13) What are the two factors in Schacter’s theory of attributing emotion?
- Arousal
- Cognition
14) The tendency for people to take personal credit for successes but blame the situation or other
people for failures is called what?
- The self-serving attribution
15) What is the tendency for people to “overestimate the importance of dispositional factors
relative to environmental influences” called?
- The fundamental attribution error
16) People would rather blame a person for adversity, because then it gives them the feeling that
they can personally avoid it. These are called _______ .
- Defense attributions
17) The idea that people form rapid dispositional judgments of others by forming abstract
representations is reflected in the phenomenon of what?
- Spontaneous trait inferences
18) What is the difference in beliefs between entity theorists and incremental theorists?
- Entity theorists: People’s behavior is caused by relatively fixed dispositions
, - Incremental theorists: People’s behavior is caused by relatively malleable personal
qualities
19) What is the self-centered bias?
- When both people think they contributed more to a joint project than the other person
thinks they did.
20) What is the term for when people assign agency and experience to nonhuman objects?
- Anthropomorphism
