AHN 572 NEPHROLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2025

AHN 572 NEPHROLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2025 Terms in this set (51) diabetes type 1 deficiency of insulin secretion due to autoimmune b cell destruction or latent autoimmune disease of adulthood diabetes type 2 non auto immune progressive loss of adequate b cell insulin secretion frequently associated with insulin resistance how dues each body part contribute to type 2 dm stomach: accelerated gastric emptying and carbohydrates metabolized into glucose pancreas : defective b- cell secretion liver : excessive glucose production Clinical manifestations of type 1 DM include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred vision, weight loss, muscle catabolism, paresthesia, and DKA Clinical manifestations of type 2 DM include initially asymptomatic, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, skin infections, pruritis, vaginitis, overweight/obese, acanthosis nigricans and HHNK Diagnosis DM - plasma glucose 126 on more than one occasion after an 8 hour fast, 200 random check with symptoms of DM Diagnosis DM- impaired fasting glucose BG 100-125 Diagnosis DM - oral glucose tolerance test 75mg glucose in 300cc H20 w/in 5 minutes, performed in the AM, obtain samples at 0-120 min, the 2 hour value 140-199 impaired glucose tolerance, 200 DM HgbA1C gold standard in diagnosis , reflect the state of glycemia over 8-12 weeks, measure ev 3-4 months What Hgb a1c value indicates diabetes 6.5 islet autoantbodies proteins produced by the immune system that have been shown to be associated with type 1 diabetes. They are key markers for the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes Who should be screened for DM adults overweight or obesity, 1st degree relative, high race ethnicity, hx of CVD, hypertension, HDL cholesterol 34 and / or TGL 250, pcos, physical inactivity. Ppl with prediabetes, ppl with GDM should have lifelong testing q 3 years, for everyone else start at 35 years How often should DM testing occur every 3 years, more frequently if needed Pre-diabetes diagnosis FPG 100- 125, 2 hr plasma glucose 140-199, A1C 5.7-6.4 TSH and diabetes relationship link between insulin resistance and both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Because thyroid hormones are essential for carbohydrate metabolism, thyroid dysfunction can affect insulin and lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance may occur due to hyperthyroidism because of an increase in fatty free acids in the bloodstream. In body fat, the thyroid hormone stimulates lipolysis, the breakdown of body fat into fatty acids. How often should hbg1AC be checked in patients that meet treatment goals? at least 2 x annually how often should A1C be check in patients who are not meeting glycemic goals? quarterly HGBa1C goals non preg adult 7, stringent goals 6, less stringent goals for a patient with a history of hypoglycemia limited life expectancy that makes 7 % difficult to attain Hep B vaccine and DM give to patients with DM 19-59, consider giving to unvaccinated adults 60 diabetes dietary recommendations all ppl overweight or obese behavior modification to achieve and maintain a minimum weight loss of 5% , reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with DM has shown the most evidence for improving glycemia, carb intake should be sources high in fiber ( atleast 14g of fiber) eating plans should emphasize nonstarchy veggies, fruits, legumes, and whole grains as well as dairy products with low sugar. replace sugary beverages with water or low calorie beverages in type 2 protein appears to increase insulin response without increasing plasma glucose concentrations. carbs high in protein should be avoided when trying to avoid hypoglycemia