Hilliard Patho 370 WEEK 1/2 Quiz With 100% Verified Solutions

Hilliard Patho 370 WEEK 1/2 Quiz With 100% Verified Solutions Defects in immune system - ANSWER Chemotherapy Cancer cells Cancer metastasis to bone marrow Malnutrition Tumor Marker Functions - ANSWER Produced by normal cells Help determine cancer origin Help identify progression of cancer include prostatic specific antigen Released by primary cancer #2 Type I hypersensitivity - ANSWER (atopic or anaphylactic) is an immediate allergic or anaphylactic type of reaction mediated primarily by sensitized mast cells How is Type I hypersensitivity initiated? - ANSWER initiated when IgE antibodies located on the mast cell membrane are bound by antigen, with subsequent cross-linking of IgE receptors. Mast cell degranulation releases chemicals that mediate the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. What is released and caused by Type I hypersensitivity? - ANSWER Released (from mast cells): histamine, kinin, prostaglandins, interleukins. leukotrienes cause increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, hypotension, urticaria, and bronchoconstriction. How long does type I hypersensitivity occur? - ANSWER Occurs within 15-30mins Examples of type I hypersensitivity - ANSWER drug reactions, rhinitis, atopic eczema, bee sting reactions, and asthma. Type II Hypersensitivity - ANSWER (cytotoxic or cytolytic) occurs when antibodies are formed against antigens on cell surfaces, usually resulting in lysis of target cells. How is type II hypersensitivity initiated? - ANSWER Cell lysis may be mediated by (IgM or IgG) activated complement fragments (membrane attack complex) or by phagocytic cells that are attracted to target cells by the attached antibodies. How long does Type II Hypersensitivity occur? - ANSWER Occurs within 15-30 mins Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity - ANSWER transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis, myasthenia gravis, and hyperacute graft rejection. Type III Hypersensitivity - ANSWER (Immune Complex/Arthus Reaction) reactions occur when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues and result in the activation of complement and subsequent tissue inflammation and destruction How is Type III hypersensitivity initiated? - ANSWER Mediated by IgG. Antigenantibody complexes activate the complement cascade and subsequently attract phagocytic cells to the tissue. History of persistent low-grade infections, inhalation of antigens into alveoli, and autoimmune production of antibodies may result in chronic production of antigenantibody complexes. How long does Type III hypersensitivity occur? - ANSWER Occurs in 6 hours Examples of Type III hypersensitivity - ANSWER glomerulonephritis, SLE, farmer's lung arthritis, vasculitis. Type IV Hypersensitivity - ANSWER (delayed-hypersensivity) reactions are T-cell mediated and do not require antibody production, in contrast to type I, II, and III reactions. How Is Type IV hypersensitivity initiated? - ANSWER Sensitized T cells react with altered or foreign cells and initiate inflammation in the dermal regions. How long does type IV hypersensitivity occur? - ANSWER Occurs in 24-48 hours Examples of type IV hypersensitivity - ANSWER Contact dermatitis, tuberculin reactions, transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease, Guillain Barre disease, and Multiple Sclerosis What does the kidney secrete? - ANSWER Erythropoietin Characteristics of Red Blood Cells - ANSWER No organelles Hemoglobin Necessary for RBC Production? - ANSWER Iron How is CO2 transported in the blood? - ANSWER As a bicarbonate ion Iron Deficiency Anemia - ANSWER low MCHC low MCV low iron low MCH Aplastic Anemia - ANSWER leads to pancytopenia (decrease in cells across blood stream) result from heavy chemo treatment Bilirubin - ANSWER detect excessive red blood cell lysis Most common type of Anemia? - ANSWER Iron Deficieny Pernicious Anemia - ANSWER caused by lack of intrinsic factor also by lack of vitamin B12 absorption (needed for blood formation_ Glucase 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Defiency - ANSWER caused by pharmacological drugs (medication, prescription meds) Functions of the Circulatory System - ANSWER Transport oxygen Transport nutrients Remove metabolic wastes Organ that makes clotting factors - ANSWER Liver (stores vitamin K that helps with blood clots) Vitamin K Deficiency - ANSWER issues with blood clot Characteristics of Vitamin K Deficiency - ANSWER normal bleeding time normal platelet count increased prothrombin increased PT/INR Where is Vitamin K Deficiency present in? - ANSWER Adults/Children (more common) Melena (bloody stool) Bleeding from umbilicus Hematuria (blood in urine) aPPT - ANSWER activated partial prothromboplastin time intrinsic pathway