NURS 571 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
Diabetic complications - Answers - kidney failure, nontraumatic limb amputation, adult
blindness, heart disease, stroke. (DKA) and (HHS) are two life-threatening
complications with diabetes are complications
Glucose Production and Release - Answers - glucose found in carbohydrates, stores
in the liver released in bloodstream, for constant source of energy are
Insulin Release in Type I Diabetes - Answers - high glucose in blood, stimulate beta
cells- release insulin, Insulin stops the release of glucose, small amount stores in liver,
beta cells damaged/destroyed no insulin produced are
Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type I Diabetes - Answers - low insulin production,
low insulin and high glucose in their blood are
Glucose Absorption in Type I Diabetes - Answers - Insulin is needed for glucose to
enter cells for energy, insulin binds to receptors on the cell surface, initiates glucose
transporters to open and glucose to flow into the cell. low insulin prevents enough
glucose from entering the cell. Glucose remains in bloodstream not for energy, patients
are fatigue, exhaustion, and dizziness.
Glucose Absorption in Type II Diabetes= - Answers - Due to insulin resistance and
resulting hyperglycemia, patients with type 2 diabetes increased thirst or hunger,
fatigue, blurry vision, and slow-healing wounds.
Beta-blocker for thyroid storm - Answers - Given to reduce sympathetic stimulation-
Primary agents include: (Esmolol IV for rapid titation; Bisoprolol PO)
Thionamide for thyroid storm - Answers - Given to correct hyperthyroid state (High-
dose methimazole or PTU)
Iodine compounds for thyroid storm - Answers - Blocks release of thyroid hormones,
given 1 hour after starting antithyroid therapy (SSKI or Lugol's iodine drops)
Glucocorticoids for thyroid storm - Answers - Decreases conversion of T4 to T3 (IV
hydrocortisone or dexamethasone)
Meds for thyroid storm - Answers - Beta-blocker, Thioamides, Iodine compounds, and
Glucocorticoids are meds for
PTU - Answers - the antithyroid medication of choice in pregnant pts is
glucocorticoids and iodine - Answers - meds for thyroid storm, they do not need to be
continued once the emergent situation is resolved.
, Hypothyroidism s/s - Answers - underproduction of the hormone thyroxine (T4), body's
metabolism slows down, symptoms- fatigue, depressed mood, slow heart rate,
constipation, weight gain, and irregular menstrual periods. >women and family history is
Somogyi effect and dawn phenomenon - Answers - Elevated blood glucose levels are
seen at 0700 with
metformin - Answers - Monotherapy with ? is the drug of choice when initiating drug
therapy in a type 2 diabetic according to all clinical practice guidelines.
lifestyle recommendations for DM - Answers - Weight loss, Regular exercise, Medical
nutrition therapy (nutritionist), , Adequate sleep, ,Smoking cessation, Behavioral support
groups, Diabetic educator are consider for
DKA symptoms - Answers - polyuria & polydipsia, weakness/fatigue, nausea &
vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, altered loc, fruity breath
DKA labs results - Answers - hyperglycemia (usually > 300 mg/dL), ketonuria,
metabolic acidosis, high anion gap, elevated hematocrit, azotemia,
Pathology of HHS - Answers - intracellular dehydration, complication of T2DM,
hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, and extracellular fluid depletion, due to non-
compliance or "stretch" their medication is the
HHS symptoms - Answers - polyuria, weakness, changes in LOC, hypotension,
tachycardia, poor skin turgor are symptoms of
HHS lab results - Answers - (> 600 mg/dL), hyperosmolality (> 320 mOsm/L), elevated
HbA1C, normal pH, no ketonuria, normal anion gap are lab
anion gap - Answers - the difference between positively and negatively charged
electrolytes responsible for maintaining acid-base balance.
Serum anion gap - Answers - Na+ - (Cl- + CO2-) is the calculation for
High-anion-gap metabolic acidosis - Answers - ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, severe
chronic renal failure, toxic ingestion are due to
Non-anion-gap metabolic acidosis - Answers - diarrhea, nephrotic syndrome, renal
tubular acidosis, renal failure, acetazolamide, adrenal insufficiency are due to
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis exists - Answers - calculate the urine anion gap by
measuring urine electrolytes should do to help narrow the differential if
Diabetic complications - Answers - kidney failure, nontraumatic limb amputation, adult
blindness, heart disease, stroke. (DKA) and (HHS) are two life-threatening
complications with diabetes are complications
Glucose Production and Release - Answers - glucose found in carbohydrates, stores
in the liver released in bloodstream, for constant source of energy are
Insulin Release in Type I Diabetes - Answers - high glucose in blood, stimulate beta
cells- release insulin, Insulin stops the release of glucose, small amount stores in liver,
beta cells damaged/destroyed no insulin produced are
Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type I Diabetes - Answers - low insulin production,
low insulin and high glucose in their blood are
Glucose Absorption in Type I Diabetes - Answers - Insulin is needed for glucose to
enter cells for energy, insulin binds to receptors on the cell surface, initiates glucose
transporters to open and glucose to flow into the cell. low insulin prevents enough
glucose from entering the cell. Glucose remains in bloodstream not for energy, patients
are fatigue, exhaustion, and dizziness.
Glucose Absorption in Type II Diabetes= - Answers - Due to insulin resistance and
resulting hyperglycemia, patients with type 2 diabetes increased thirst or hunger,
fatigue, blurry vision, and slow-healing wounds.
Beta-blocker for thyroid storm - Answers - Given to reduce sympathetic stimulation-
Primary agents include: (Esmolol IV for rapid titation; Bisoprolol PO)
Thionamide for thyroid storm - Answers - Given to correct hyperthyroid state (High-
dose methimazole or PTU)
Iodine compounds for thyroid storm - Answers - Blocks release of thyroid hormones,
given 1 hour after starting antithyroid therapy (SSKI or Lugol's iodine drops)
Glucocorticoids for thyroid storm - Answers - Decreases conversion of T4 to T3 (IV
hydrocortisone or dexamethasone)
Meds for thyroid storm - Answers - Beta-blocker, Thioamides, Iodine compounds, and
Glucocorticoids are meds for
PTU - Answers - the antithyroid medication of choice in pregnant pts is
glucocorticoids and iodine - Answers - meds for thyroid storm, they do not need to be
continued once the emergent situation is resolved.
, Hypothyroidism s/s - Answers - underproduction of the hormone thyroxine (T4), body's
metabolism slows down, symptoms- fatigue, depressed mood, slow heart rate,
constipation, weight gain, and irregular menstrual periods. >women and family history is
Somogyi effect and dawn phenomenon - Answers - Elevated blood glucose levels are
seen at 0700 with
metformin - Answers - Monotherapy with ? is the drug of choice when initiating drug
therapy in a type 2 diabetic according to all clinical practice guidelines.
lifestyle recommendations for DM - Answers - Weight loss, Regular exercise, Medical
nutrition therapy (nutritionist), , Adequate sleep, ,Smoking cessation, Behavioral support
groups, Diabetic educator are consider for
DKA symptoms - Answers - polyuria & polydipsia, weakness/fatigue, nausea &
vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, altered loc, fruity breath
DKA labs results - Answers - hyperglycemia (usually > 300 mg/dL), ketonuria,
metabolic acidosis, high anion gap, elevated hematocrit, azotemia,
Pathology of HHS - Answers - intracellular dehydration, complication of T2DM,
hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, and extracellular fluid depletion, due to non-
compliance or "stretch" their medication is the
HHS symptoms - Answers - polyuria, weakness, changes in LOC, hypotension,
tachycardia, poor skin turgor are symptoms of
HHS lab results - Answers - (> 600 mg/dL), hyperosmolality (> 320 mOsm/L), elevated
HbA1C, normal pH, no ketonuria, normal anion gap are lab
anion gap - Answers - the difference between positively and negatively charged
electrolytes responsible for maintaining acid-base balance.
Serum anion gap - Answers - Na+ - (Cl- + CO2-) is the calculation for
High-anion-gap metabolic acidosis - Answers - ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, severe
chronic renal failure, toxic ingestion are due to
Non-anion-gap metabolic acidosis - Answers - diarrhea, nephrotic syndrome, renal
tubular acidosis, renal failure, acetazolamide, adrenal insufficiency are due to
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis exists - Answers - calculate the urine anion gap by
measuring urine electrolytes should do to help narrow the differential if
