NURS 571 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Diabetes - Answers - Chronic condition affecting glucose metabolism.
DKA - Answers - Diabetic Ketoacidosis; acute complication of T1DM.
HHS - Answers - Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State; complication of T2DM.
Antihyperglycemic medications - Answers - Drugs used to lower blood glucose levels.
Dawn effect - Answers - Morning rise in blood sugar levels.
Samogyi effect - Answers - Rebound hyperglycemia after nocturnal hypoglycemia.
Polyuria - Answers - Excessive urination due to high glucose.
Polydipsia - Answers - Increased thirst from dehydration.
Kussmaul respirations - Answers - Deep, labored breathing; compensatory for
acidosis.
Fruity breath - Answers - Characteristic odor of acetone in DKA.
Hypotension - Answers - Low blood pressure, common in DKA and HHS.
Tachycardia - Answers - Increased heart rate, often seen in DKA.
CBC - Answers - Complete Blood Count; assesses hemoglobin and WBCs.
CMP - Answers - Comprehensive Metabolic Panel; evaluates electrolytes and renal
function.
Lactic acidosis - Answers - Acidosis due to elevated lactic acid levels.
Ketonuria - Answers - Presence of ketones in urine, indicates ketosis.
Hyperglycemia - Answers - Elevated blood glucose levels, usually > 300 mg/dL.
Fluid loss in DKA - Answers - Average loss of 4-6 liters.
Insulin infusion rate - Answers - 0.1 u/kg/h; adjusts based on glucose levels.
Electrolyte correction - Answers - Monitor potassium; > 3.3 mEq/L before insulin.
Anion gap - Answers - Calculated to assess metabolic acidosis severity.
, Elevated β-hydroxybutyrate - Answers - Key marker for DKA severity.
Fluid replacement - Answers - 1-2 liters isotonic fluids in first 2 hours.
Blood Glucose Range - Answers - Target range for stable patients: 150-250 mg/dL.
SC Insulin Injections - Answers - Given when patient can eat, not before 2-4 hours.
DKA - Answers - Diabetic Ketoacidosis, a severe metabolic complication.
Acid-Base Imbalance Correction - Answers - Use sodium bicarbonate drip if pH < 7.1.
Electrolyte Disturbances - Answers - Serum potassium levels drop with insulin
administration.
Urine Output Requirement - Answers - Establish > 50 mL/h before potassium
replacement.
Potassium Replacement Guidelines - Answers - Replace if < 3.3 mEq/L; monitor if >
5.2 mEq/L.
Potassium Administration Rate - Answers - Rates > 20 mEq/h require cardiac
monitoring.
Discharge Considerations - Answers - Based on treatment status and patient
management ability.
Follow-Up Care - Answers - Regular PCP visits for medication adjustments.
Diabetic Education Classes - Answers - Essential for patient understanding and
management.
Weight Loss Importance - Answers - Recommended for obese patients to improve
health.
HHS - Answers - Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State, severe dehydration condition.
Fluid Resuscitation Priority - Answers - Highest priority in treating HHS patients.
Isotonic Fluids Administration - Answers - 1-2 liters of 0.9% NS in first 2 hours.
Corrected Sodium Evaluation - Answers - Check sodium after fluid boluses for
treatment adjustment.
Dextrose Change - Answers - Switch to Dextrose 5% with 0.45% NS at 250 mg/dL.
Diabetes - Answers - Chronic condition affecting glucose metabolism.
DKA - Answers - Diabetic Ketoacidosis; acute complication of T1DM.
HHS - Answers - Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State; complication of T2DM.
Antihyperglycemic medications - Answers - Drugs used to lower blood glucose levels.
Dawn effect - Answers - Morning rise in blood sugar levels.
Samogyi effect - Answers - Rebound hyperglycemia after nocturnal hypoglycemia.
Polyuria - Answers - Excessive urination due to high glucose.
Polydipsia - Answers - Increased thirst from dehydration.
Kussmaul respirations - Answers - Deep, labored breathing; compensatory for
acidosis.
Fruity breath - Answers - Characteristic odor of acetone in DKA.
Hypotension - Answers - Low blood pressure, common in DKA and HHS.
Tachycardia - Answers - Increased heart rate, often seen in DKA.
CBC - Answers - Complete Blood Count; assesses hemoglobin and WBCs.
CMP - Answers - Comprehensive Metabolic Panel; evaluates electrolytes and renal
function.
Lactic acidosis - Answers - Acidosis due to elevated lactic acid levels.
Ketonuria - Answers - Presence of ketones in urine, indicates ketosis.
Hyperglycemia - Answers - Elevated blood glucose levels, usually > 300 mg/dL.
Fluid loss in DKA - Answers - Average loss of 4-6 liters.
Insulin infusion rate - Answers - 0.1 u/kg/h; adjusts based on glucose levels.
Electrolyte correction - Answers - Monitor potassium; > 3.3 mEq/L before insulin.
Anion gap - Answers - Calculated to assess metabolic acidosis severity.
, Elevated β-hydroxybutyrate - Answers - Key marker for DKA severity.
Fluid replacement - Answers - 1-2 liters isotonic fluids in first 2 hours.
Blood Glucose Range - Answers - Target range for stable patients: 150-250 mg/dL.
SC Insulin Injections - Answers - Given when patient can eat, not before 2-4 hours.
DKA - Answers - Diabetic Ketoacidosis, a severe metabolic complication.
Acid-Base Imbalance Correction - Answers - Use sodium bicarbonate drip if pH < 7.1.
Electrolyte Disturbances - Answers - Serum potassium levels drop with insulin
administration.
Urine Output Requirement - Answers - Establish > 50 mL/h before potassium
replacement.
Potassium Replacement Guidelines - Answers - Replace if < 3.3 mEq/L; monitor if >
5.2 mEq/L.
Potassium Administration Rate - Answers - Rates > 20 mEq/h require cardiac
monitoring.
Discharge Considerations - Answers - Based on treatment status and patient
management ability.
Follow-Up Care - Answers - Regular PCP visits for medication adjustments.
Diabetic Education Classes - Answers - Essential for patient understanding and
management.
Weight Loss Importance - Answers - Recommended for obese patients to improve
health.
HHS - Answers - Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State, severe dehydration condition.
Fluid Resuscitation Priority - Answers - Highest priority in treating HHS patients.
Isotonic Fluids Administration - Answers - 1-2 liters of 0.9% NS in first 2 hours.
Corrected Sodium Evaluation - Answers - Check sodium after fluid boluses for
treatment adjustment.
Dextrose Change - Answers - Switch to Dextrose 5% with 0.45% NS at 250 mg/dL.
