BIOD 331 exam 1
BIOD 331 EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Why is evidence-based practice important? - ANSWER-Evidence-based practice is important
because medical professions follow up-to-date information and studies in order to treat
diseases. This ensures that new treatment options are followed, preventing physicians from
using outdates practices that no longer benefit the patient.
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - ANSWER-The nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma
membrane
What is the function of the nucleus? - ANSWER-The nucleus is the control center for the cell and
contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus. - ANSWER-Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER? - ANSWER-Ribosomes
synthesize proteins.
Rough ER carries ribosomes and synthesizes lysosomal enzymes.
Smooth ER NO RIBOSOMES. Creates lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria? - ANSWER-Lysosomes
break down proteins.
Peroxisomes break down free radicals through the secretion of an enzyme that breaks down
peroxides.
Mitochondria are the power house of the cell. They transform organic compounds into cellular
energy.
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, BIOD 331 exam 1
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function? - ANSWER-The cytoskeleton
contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick
filaments. They control cell shape and movement.
Explain microtubules. - ANSWER-Microtubules can disassemble at one location and reassemble
at another, aiding in the maintenance of cell form, intracellular transport, and the formation of
cellular structures.
Explain centrioles. - ANSWER-Centrioles are made of microtubules and aid during cell division
by forming the mitotic spindle and helping to separate and move the chromosomes.
Explain cilia. - ANSWER-The cilia are also made of microtubules and function in cell motility.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body. - ANSWER-Cilia are
found in epithelial lining such as nasal passages. Flagella are only found in sperm.
What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? - ANSWER-The cell membrane separates the
contents of a cell from its outside environment. It regulates the materials coming into and going
from the cell, it aids in cell division and growth, and contains hormone receptors that facilitate
the conduction of electrical currents in nerve receptors.
Why do cells need to communicate with one another? - ANSWER-Cells need to communicate to
sense and respond to changes in their environment, this cannot be done without
communication.
Name the 4 types of signaling. - ANSWER-Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic
signaling
What is endocrine signaling? - ANSWER-hormones in the bloodstream signal for cells to act on
the body
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, BIOD 331 exam 1
What is paracrine signaling? - ANSWER-enzymes metabolize chemical mediators and leads to
cell acting on a nearby cell
What is autocrine signaling? - ANSWER-cell releases chemical into extracellular fluid that affects
its own self
What is synaptic signaling? - ANSWER-occurs in nervous system. Neurotransmitters act on
adjacent nerve cells through synapses, or small gaps between nerve cells
What is up regulation? - ANSWER-Up regulation is when a cell increases its response to a
substance or signal from outside the cell to carry out a specific function. A cell may increase the
number or activity of protein receptors or other molecules on its surface to make it more
sensitive to a hormone or drug.
What is down regulation? - ANSWER-Down regulation is when a cell decreases its total number
of receptor site present in cells or tissues.
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ANSWER-Pathophysiology is defined as not only
the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes
have on total body function.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - ANSWER-Etiologic factors are the
causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
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BIOD 331 EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Why is evidence-based practice important? - ANSWER-Evidence-based practice is important
because medical professions follow up-to-date information and studies in order to treat
diseases. This ensures that new treatment options are followed, preventing physicians from
using outdates practices that no longer benefit the patient.
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - ANSWER-The nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma
membrane
What is the function of the nucleus? - ANSWER-The nucleus is the control center for the cell and
contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus. - ANSWER-Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER? - ANSWER-Ribosomes
synthesize proteins.
Rough ER carries ribosomes and synthesizes lysosomal enzymes.
Smooth ER NO RIBOSOMES. Creates lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria? - ANSWER-Lysosomes
break down proteins.
Peroxisomes break down free radicals through the secretion of an enzyme that breaks down
peroxides.
Mitochondria are the power house of the cell. They transform organic compounds into cellular
energy.
1|Page
, BIOD 331 exam 1
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function? - ANSWER-The cytoskeleton
contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick
filaments. They control cell shape and movement.
Explain microtubules. - ANSWER-Microtubules can disassemble at one location and reassemble
at another, aiding in the maintenance of cell form, intracellular transport, and the formation of
cellular structures.
Explain centrioles. - ANSWER-Centrioles are made of microtubules and aid during cell division
by forming the mitotic spindle and helping to separate and move the chromosomes.
Explain cilia. - ANSWER-The cilia are also made of microtubules and function in cell motility.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body. - ANSWER-Cilia are
found in epithelial lining such as nasal passages. Flagella are only found in sperm.
What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? - ANSWER-The cell membrane separates the
contents of a cell from its outside environment. It regulates the materials coming into and going
from the cell, it aids in cell division and growth, and contains hormone receptors that facilitate
the conduction of electrical currents in nerve receptors.
Why do cells need to communicate with one another? - ANSWER-Cells need to communicate to
sense and respond to changes in their environment, this cannot be done without
communication.
Name the 4 types of signaling. - ANSWER-Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic
signaling
What is endocrine signaling? - ANSWER-hormones in the bloodstream signal for cells to act on
the body
2|Page
, BIOD 331 exam 1
What is paracrine signaling? - ANSWER-enzymes metabolize chemical mediators and leads to
cell acting on a nearby cell
What is autocrine signaling? - ANSWER-cell releases chemical into extracellular fluid that affects
its own self
What is synaptic signaling? - ANSWER-occurs in nervous system. Neurotransmitters act on
adjacent nerve cells through synapses, or small gaps between nerve cells
What is up regulation? - ANSWER-Up regulation is when a cell increases its response to a
substance or signal from outside the cell to carry out a specific function. A cell may increase the
number or activity of protein receptors or other molecules on its surface to make it more
sensitive to a hormone or drug.
What is down regulation? - ANSWER-Down regulation is when a cell decreases its total number
of receptor site present in cells or tissues.
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ANSWER-Pathophysiology is defined as not only
the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes
have on total body function.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - ANSWER-Etiologic factors are the
causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
3|Page
