Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University
NURS 611 EXAM 1 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (MARYVILLE
UNIVERSITY) NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
What functions do lysosomal components integrate (3) and what do they do with this
information? - ANSWER--Nutrient abundance, energy levels and cell stressors
-They translate the info into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either
proliferation or inactivity
What are the mitochondria responsible for? - ANSWER-Cellular respiration and energy
production
What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain? - ANSWER-Enzymes of the
electron transport chain that are essential for oxidative phosphorylation to produce most of the
cell's ATP
What is the mitochondria matrix pathways, what do they involve and what 3 things do they
metabolize? - ANSWER--Metabolic pathways that involves urea and heme synthesis to
metabolize carbs, proteins and amino acids
What can accumulate intracellularly from stresses and metabolic derangements? (3) - ANSWER-
-Carbs, proteins and lipids
What are the two types of cell death? - ANSWER-Apoptosis and necrosis
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER-Programmed cell death that is regulated/programmed
-Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
1|Page
, Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University
What are the three characteristics of necrosis? - ANSWER--Rapid loss of cell membrane
structure
-Organelle swelling
-Mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis? Especially in what two organs? -
ANSWER--Hypoxia
-Heart and kidney
What is cellular atrophy? Name a physiologic and pathologic example? - ANSWER-Decreased
cell size.
-physiologic: decreased size of the thymus gland in childhood
-Patho: decreased muscle size due to inactivity/bed rest.
What is pathologic atrophy caused by (6)? - ANSWER--Decreased: workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition and hormonal stimulation
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Increased size of cells
Beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Increase in cardiac cell size during endurance
training
Pathologic hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Cardiomegaly due to HTN
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Increase in the # of cells
Compensatory hyperplasia? - ANSWER-When 1/3 of the liver is removed , it will regenerate
within 2 weeks
2|Page
, Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University
Pathologic hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Endometrial hyperplasia
What is metaplasia and what is an example of it? - ANSWER--The replacement of cells
-In smokers, normal columnar epithelial cells in the bronchial lining have been replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if the irritant is stopped
What is the energy transferring molecule? - ANSWER-ATP- needs O2
What affect does the loss of ATP have on cells during ischemia? - ANSWER-Low ATP causes the
plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads
to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell
What happens to the cell during ischemia? - ANSWER-Sodium and water can enter freely
causing cellular swelling
What are free radicals and what do they have a major role in? - ANSWER-An electrically
uncharged atom/group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
-they play a major role in the initiation and progression of diseases
What is wrong with the unpaired electron in free radicals? - ANSWER-They make the molecule
unstable to cause a chemical imbalance of the cell membrane.
How are the free radicals stabalized and why is this bad? - ANSWER-They give up an electron to
another molecule or steal one.
-Injurious chemical bonds can form with proteins, lipids, and carbs when they destroy the
chemical membrane
3|Page
, Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University
What five diseases are said to be affected by reactive oxygen species? - ANSWER-
Hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, HTN, Chronic heart failure, and Ischemic heart disease
what is a consequence of lysosome leakage during chemical injury? - ANSWER-Enzymatic
digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues halting synthesis of
DNA and RNA
What hapens when liver enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde? - ANSWER-Hepatic
cellular dysfunction
what happens when peroxisomes dysfunction, considering the liver? - ANSWER-Ethanol is
turned into fat and thus fatty liver disease occurs
What is ionizing radiation and what does it result in? - ANSWER-Any form of radiation capable
of removing orbital free electrons from atoms.
-It results in the production of negatively charged free electrons and positively charged ionizing
atoms
What is the main component of the cell and what does it contain? - ANSWER-The nucleus; it
contains the nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of(4)? - ANSWER-RNA, Most of the cellular DNA, DNA-binding
proteins, & histones
What do histones do and why are they important? - ANSWER-They regulate DNA activity.
-Histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes for cell division.
-DNA chain in eukaryotic cells are extensive so risk of breakage is high
4|Page
NURS 611 EXAM 1 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (MARYVILLE
UNIVERSITY) NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
What functions do lysosomal components integrate (3) and what do they do with this
information? - ANSWER--Nutrient abundance, energy levels and cell stressors
-They translate the info into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either
proliferation or inactivity
What are the mitochondria responsible for? - ANSWER-Cellular respiration and energy
production
What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain? - ANSWER-Enzymes of the
electron transport chain that are essential for oxidative phosphorylation to produce most of the
cell's ATP
What is the mitochondria matrix pathways, what do they involve and what 3 things do they
metabolize? - ANSWER--Metabolic pathways that involves urea and heme synthesis to
metabolize carbs, proteins and amino acids
What can accumulate intracellularly from stresses and metabolic derangements? (3) - ANSWER-
-Carbs, proteins and lipids
What are the two types of cell death? - ANSWER-Apoptosis and necrosis
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER-Programmed cell death that is regulated/programmed
-Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
1|Page
, Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University
What are the three characteristics of necrosis? - ANSWER--Rapid loss of cell membrane
structure
-Organelle swelling
-Mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis? Especially in what two organs? -
ANSWER--Hypoxia
-Heart and kidney
What is cellular atrophy? Name a physiologic and pathologic example? - ANSWER-Decreased
cell size.
-physiologic: decreased size of the thymus gland in childhood
-Patho: decreased muscle size due to inactivity/bed rest.
What is pathologic atrophy caused by (6)? - ANSWER--Decreased: workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition and hormonal stimulation
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Increased size of cells
Beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Increase in cardiac cell size during endurance
training
Pathologic hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Cardiomegaly due to HTN
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Increase in the # of cells
Compensatory hyperplasia? - ANSWER-When 1/3 of the liver is removed , it will regenerate
within 2 weeks
2|Page
, Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University
Pathologic hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Endometrial hyperplasia
What is metaplasia and what is an example of it? - ANSWER--The replacement of cells
-In smokers, normal columnar epithelial cells in the bronchial lining have been replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if the irritant is stopped
What is the energy transferring molecule? - ANSWER-ATP- needs O2
What affect does the loss of ATP have on cells during ischemia? - ANSWER-Low ATP causes the
plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads
to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell
What happens to the cell during ischemia? - ANSWER-Sodium and water can enter freely
causing cellular swelling
What are free radicals and what do they have a major role in? - ANSWER-An electrically
uncharged atom/group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
-they play a major role in the initiation and progression of diseases
What is wrong with the unpaired electron in free radicals? - ANSWER-They make the molecule
unstable to cause a chemical imbalance of the cell membrane.
How are the free radicals stabalized and why is this bad? - ANSWER-They give up an electron to
another molecule or steal one.
-Injurious chemical bonds can form with proteins, lipids, and carbs when they destroy the
chemical membrane
3|Page
, Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University
What five diseases are said to be affected by reactive oxygen species? - ANSWER-
Hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, HTN, Chronic heart failure, and Ischemic heart disease
what is a consequence of lysosome leakage during chemical injury? - ANSWER-Enzymatic
digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues halting synthesis of
DNA and RNA
What hapens when liver enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde? - ANSWER-Hepatic
cellular dysfunction
what happens when peroxisomes dysfunction, considering the liver? - ANSWER-Ethanol is
turned into fat and thus fatty liver disease occurs
What is ionizing radiation and what does it result in? - ANSWER-Any form of radiation capable
of removing orbital free electrons from atoms.
-It results in the production of negatively charged free electrons and positively charged ionizing
atoms
What is the main component of the cell and what does it contain? - ANSWER-The nucleus; it
contains the nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of(4)? - ANSWER-RNA, Most of the cellular DNA, DNA-binding
proteins, & histones
What do histones do and why are they important? - ANSWER-They regulate DNA activity.
-Histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes for cell division.
-DNA chain in eukaryotic cells are extensive so risk of breakage is high
4|Page
