FLS FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2025/2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT
VERSION>
Laproscopic instruments diameter and length ranges -
ANSWER 2-10mm, 30-45cm
hopkins rod lens - ANSWER light has to travel back through
the rod to capture the image.
decreasing light in the camera for... - ANSWER decreasing
diameter, increasing scope angle (ie 5mm and 30 degree has less
light than 10mm 0 degree)
When is zero degree scope most useful - ANSWER when
working in a small area directly in line with the scope and ports,
like the pelvis
how to check fiber optics light connection - ANSWER black
dots= broken fibers
why does it fog up? - ANSWER temperature and humidity
discrepancy between the OR and body
tools for defogging - ANSWER FRED antifog (must dry before
putting back in), put laparoscope in hot water
, methods to clean a smudged lens - ANSWER gently wipe on
clean tissue (liver, uterus, bowel), remove scope and clean with
hot water and gauze
Insufflation gas type and reasoning - ANSWER CO2- readily
available, inexpensive, non combustable, warmed and
humidified better
high flow insufflation - ANSWER 10 or more L per minute
preventing loss of pneumo with suctioning - ANSWER keep
suction tip below the fluid level
most common light source - ANSWER 300W xenon lamp
Troubleshooting steps: gas preOP - ANSWER 1. check that co2
tank is full
2. check co2 tank gasket is secured
3. check that spare co2 tank is available in the OR
troubleshooting steps: image - ANSWER 1. check that the
monitor is plugged in and turned on 2. check that all cables are
connected securely
troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator
settings: measured pressure is the same or higher than the preset
pressure - ANSWER 1. the patient may not be adequately
relaxed or there is a mechanical block of gas flow
2. inspect abdomen for rhythmic muscle contraction and palpate
the abdomen for firmness
3. check port valves to make sure they are open
4. check for kinks in tubing and make sure no one is standing on
them
troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator
settings: low pressure and high flow rate - ANSWER 1. there is
a leak in the insufflation circuit
,2. check that the tubing has not become disconnected from
insufflator or port
3. check that all valves are closed
4. check all port sites for leaking co2
5. check for foley catheter bag distention or bowel distention
troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator
settings: low pressure and no flow - ANSWER 1. make sure that
the insufflator power is on
2. check gas level in the tank
troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: complete loss of
operative image - ANSWER 1. check for disconnected power
cords, video cables
2. check for blown light source bulb
3. check for disconnected light cable
Monopolar electrosurgery curcuit - ANSWER electrical
surgical unit-->active electrode-->patient tissue-->dispersive
electrode (grounding pad)
low frequency from wall source to high frequency at active
electrode
monopolar: tissue coagulation - ANSWER occurs as a result of
tissue heating and protein denaturation.
monopolar: desiccation - ANSWER tissue temp rises--->water
is evaporated from the tissue--> increased impedance--->
electricity stops flowing because of increased resistance-->tissue
turns brown, bubbles and steams.
Hemostasis due to fibrous binding between dehydrated,
denatured cells of vessel endothelium
monopolar: current density - ANSWER amount of current
flowing through cross sectional area.
, directly proportional to power, inversely related to tissue
resistance
ie larger the area, less current density
monopolar: cut mode - ANSWER heat tissue quickly. cell
water is converted to steam, causing the cell to explode. minimal
later thermal tissue damage, but poor thermal coagulation.
unmodulated waveform with low voltage. electrode should not
contact tissue directly.
monopolar: coag mode - ANSWER rapid surface heating,
shallow depth of necrosis- fulguration. intermittent wave with
high voltage
significant cutting does not occur because heat is more widely
dispersed
potential hazards of laparoscopic monopolar: current diversion -
ANSWER risk of current diversion. current follows path of least
resistance and can pass through unintentional tissue
potential hazards of laparoscopic monopolar: capacitive
coupling - ANSWER transfer of current from an active
electrode through its insulation to a passive electrode.
active electrode (such as monopolar hook) can give a charge if it
touches a grasper or camera briefly, they store energy, then they
contact tissue and injure it
bipolar definition - ANSWER tissue is placed between two
electrodes. current flows only through the tissue contiguous with
both electrodes. lower energy requirement, less lateral tissue
damage.
Can seal vessels up to 7mm
2025/2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT
VERSION>
Laproscopic instruments diameter and length ranges -
ANSWER 2-10mm, 30-45cm
hopkins rod lens - ANSWER light has to travel back through
the rod to capture the image.
decreasing light in the camera for... - ANSWER decreasing
diameter, increasing scope angle (ie 5mm and 30 degree has less
light than 10mm 0 degree)
When is zero degree scope most useful - ANSWER when
working in a small area directly in line with the scope and ports,
like the pelvis
how to check fiber optics light connection - ANSWER black
dots= broken fibers
why does it fog up? - ANSWER temperature and humidity
discrepancy between the OR and body
tools for defogging - ANSWER FRED antifog (must dry before
putting back in), put laparoscope in hot water
, methods to clean a smudged lens - ANSWER gently wipe on
clean tissue (liver, uterus, bowel), remove scope and clean with
hot water and gauze
Insufflation gas type and reasoning - ANSWER CO2- readily
available, inexpensive, non combustable, warmed and
humidified better
high flow insufflation - ANSWER 10 or more L per minute
preventing loss of pneumo with suctioning - ANSWER keep
suction tip below the fluid level
most common light source - ANSWER 300W xenon lamp
Troubleshooting steps: gas preOP - ANSWER 1. check that co2
tank is full
2. check co2 tank gasket is secured
3. check that spare co2 tank is available in the OR
troubleshooting steps: image - ANSWER 1. check that the
monitor is plugged in and turned on 2. check that all cables are
connected securely
troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator
settings: measured pressure is the same or higher than the preset
pressure - ANSWER 1. the patient may not be adequately
relaxed or there is a mechanical block of gas flow
2. inspect abdomen for rhythmic muscle contraction and palpate
the abdomen for firmness
3. check port valves to make sure they are open
4. check for kinks in tubing and make sure no one is standing on
them
troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator
settings: low pressure and high flow rate - ANSWER 1. there is
a leak in the insufflation circuit
,2. check that the tubing has not become disconnected from
insufflator or port
3. check that all valves are closed
4. check all port sites for leaking co2
5. check for foley catheter bag distention or bowel distention
troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator
settings: low pressure and no flow - ANSWER 1. make sure that
the insufflator power is on
2. check gas level in the tank
troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: complete loss of
operative image - ANSWER 1. check for disconnected power
cords, video cables
2. check for blown light source bulb
3. check for disconnected light cable
Monopolar electrosurgery curcuit - ANSWER electrical
surgical unit-->active electrode-->patient tissue-->dispersive
electrode (grounding pad)
low frequency from wall source to high frequency at active
electrode
monopolar: tissue coagulation - ANSWER occurs as a result of
tissue heating and protein denaturation.
monopolar: desiccation - ANSWER tissue temp rises--->water
is evaporated from the tissue--> increased impedance--->
electricity stops flowing because of increased resistance-->tissue
turns brown, bubbles and steams.
Hemostasis due to fibrous binding between dehydrated,
denatured cells of vessel endothelium
monopolar: current density - ANSWER amount of current
flowing through cross sectional area.
, directly proportional to power, inversely related to tissue
resistance
ie larger the area, less current density
monopolar: cut mode - ANSWER heat tissue quickly. cell
water is converted to steam, causing the cell to explode. minimal
later thermal tissue damage, but poor thermal coagulation.
unmodulated waveform with low voltage. electrode should not
contact tissue directly.
monopolar: coag mode - ANSWER rapid surface heating,
shallow depth of necrosis- fulguration. intermittent wave with
high voltage
significant cutting does not occur because heat is more widely
dispersed
potential hazards of laparoscopic monopolar: current diversion -
ANSWER risk of current diversion. current follows path of least
resistance and can pass through unintentional tissue
potential hazards of laparoscopic monopolar: capacitive
coupling - ANSWER transfer of current from an active
electrode through its insulation to a passive electrode.
active electrode (such as monopolar hook) can give a charge if it
touches a grasper or camera briefly, they store energy, then they
contact tissue and injure it
bipolar definition - ANSWER tissue is placed between two
electrodes. current flows only through the tissue contiguous with
both electrodes. lower energy requirement, less lateral tissue
damage.
Can seal vessels up to 7mm
