BIOD 331 Exam 2 Newest 2025
Complete Questions And Correct
Answers (Verified Answers) |
Already Graded A+
___ is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. – ANSWER Diffusion
______ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs. – ANSWER Ventilation
1. __________ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other
distant sites. ANSWER Chemotherapy
2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as ______. –
ANSWER Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have
a fever. His stool is hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar symptoms. You
diagnose Tommy with viral gastroenteritis. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your
reasoning. – ANSWER Fluid and electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration. Most acute episodes of
diarrhea will subside on their own and require no treatment.
(An answer of dehydration prevention should be awarded 3.5 points. Full credit should be awarded if
preventative measures are listed and the fact that this typically resolves on its own.)
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have
a fever. His stool is hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar symptoms. You
diagnose Tommy with viral gastroenteritis. Would you categorize this condition as inflammatory or non-
inflammatory? – ANSWER Non-inflammatory
,A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting
up and struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough,
and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant
on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a "cold," and
now he doesn't get relief from his albuterol inhaler.
Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms. – ANSWER Recruitment
of inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they directly attack the
invading organisms and secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway
inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial wall, mucus secretion, constriction of the airway; bronchial
hyper-responsiveness to stimuli causes airway obstruction or narrowing. They may discuss on a cellular
level as well:
Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial
injury. This causes airway inflammation, which further increases hyperresponsiveess and decreased
airflow. Mast cells release histamine and leukotrienes. These cause major bronchoconstriction,
inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast cells can trigger multiple cytokine release, which causes more
airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and subsequent swelling leads to further airway
obstruction.
A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring
when the pollen count is high.
(1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms.
(2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms? – ANSWER (1) Mast cells,
basophils, and eosinophils play an important role with type I reactions because they contain histamines.
Primary response is vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction. Late-phase response
is more intense with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells, as well as tissue
damage. (2) Antihistamines.
A 23-year-old African-American man with a history of severe lifelong anemia requiring many
transfusions has nonhealing leg ulcers and recurrent periods of abdominal and chest pain. These signs
and symptoms are most likely to be associated with which one of the following laboratory
abnormalities? – ANSWER Sickle cells on peripheral blood smear
A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Lab findings show a low
serum T4 and elevated TSH.
, 1. What diagnosis would her history and lab findings indicate?
2. What type of treatment should be given? – ANSWER
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Synthetic T4 thyroid hormone, thyroxine
A 72-year-old male is said to be in phase 3 of gout. He is obese and has a history of alcohol abuse.
Develop a treatment plan including specific pharmacologic intervention and a non-pharmacologic
recommendation to manage his disease. – ANSWER Phase 3 of gout is called inter-critical gout. The
patient is asymptomatic, and no joint abnormalities are present. The goal of treatment in this phase is to
maintain normal uric acid levels and prevent progression of the disease. Allopurinol is a prescription
drug that is used to reduce uric acid levels. This patient should be encouraged to lose weight and
decrease his alcohol consumption. He should also avoid purine-rich foods such as fish, bacon, and liver.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports
that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's
speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that
the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical
history of atrial fibrillation. A CT scan confirms that this patient has suffered from an ischemic CVA. What
is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. – ANSWER This patient should
receive tPA drugs, as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports
that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's
speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that
the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical
history of atrial fibrillation. Given the patient's past medical history and presentation, what is your initial
diagnosis? – ANSWER Stroke or CVA
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports
that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's
speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that
the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical
history of atrial fibrillation. What do you suspect this patient is experiencing? Specifically, categorize the
disease process based upon his past medical history and his current presentation and explain how you
arrived at this specific diagnosis. – ANSWER He is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A
past medical history of atrial fibrillation puts him at an increased risk for clots.
Complete Questions And Correct
Answers (Verified Answers) |
Already Graded A+
___ is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. – ANSWER Diffusion
______ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs. – ANSWER Ventilation
1. __________ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other
distant sites. ANSWER Chemotherapy
2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as ______. –
ANSWER Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have
a fever. His stool is hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar symptoms. You
diagnose Tommy with viral gastroenteritis. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your
reasoning. – ANSWER Fluid and electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration. Most acute episodes of
diarrhea will subside on their own and require no treatment.
(An answer of dehydration prevention should be awarded 3.5 points. Full credit should be awarded if
preventative measures are listed and the fact that this typically resolves on its own.)
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have
a fever. His stool is hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar symptoms. You
diagnose Tommy with viral gastroenteritis. Would you categorize this condition as inflammatory or non-
inflammatory? – ANSWER Non-inflammatory
,A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting
up and struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough,
and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant
on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a "cold," and
now he doesn't get relief from his albuterol inhaler.
Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms. – ANSWER Recruitment
of inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they directly attack the
invading organisms and secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway
inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial wall, mucus secretion, constriction of the airway; bronchial
hyper-responsiveness to stimuli causes airway obstruction or narrowing. They may discuss on a cellular
level as well:
Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial
injury. This causes airway inflammation, which further increases hyperresponsiveess and decreased
airflow. Mast cells release histamine and leukotrienes. These cause major bronchoconstriction,
inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast cells can trigger multiple cytokine release, which causes more
airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and subsequent swelling leads to further airway
obstruction.
A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring
when the pollen count is high.
(1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms.
(2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms? – ANSWER (1) Mast cells,
basophils, and eosinophils play an important role with type I reactions because they contain histamines.
Primary response is vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction. Late-phase response
is more intense with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells, as well as tissue
damage. (2) Antihistamines.
A 23-year-old African-American man with a history of severe lifelong anemia requiring many
transfusions has nonhealing leg ulcers and recurrent periods of abdominal and chest pain. These signs
and symptoms are most likely to be associated with which one of the following laboratory
abnormalities? – ANSWER Sickle cells on peripheral blood smear
A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Lab findings show a low
serum T4 and elevated TSH.
, 1. What diagnosis would her history and lab findings indicate?
2. What type of treatment should be given? – ANSWER
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Synthetic T4 thyroid hormone, thyroxine
A 72-year-old male is said to be in phase 3 of gout. He is obese and has a history of alcohol abuse.
Develop a treatment plan including specific pharmacologic intervention and a non-pharmacologic
recommendation to manage his disease. – ANSWER Phase 3 of gout is called inter-critical gout. The
patient is asymptomatic, and no joint abnormalities are present. The goal of treatment in this phase is to
maintain normal uric acid levels and prevent progression of the disease. Allopurinol is a prescription
drug that is used to reduce uric acid levels. This patient should be encouraged to lose weight and
decrease his alcohol consumption. He should also avoid purine-rich foods such as fish, bacon, and liver.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports
that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's
speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that
the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical
history of atrial fibrillation. A CT scan confirms that this patient has suffered from an ischemic CVA. What
is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. – ANSWER This patient should
receive tPA drugs, as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports
that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's
speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that
the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical
history of atrial fibrillation. Given the patient's past medical history and presentation, what is your initial
diagnosis? – ANSWER Stroke or CVA
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports
that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's
speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that
the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical
history of atrial fibrillation. What do you suspect this patient is experiencing? Specifically, categorize the
disease process based upon his past medical history and his current presentation and explain how you
arrived at this specific diagnosis. – ANSWER He is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A
past medical history of atrial fibrillation puts him at an increased risk for clots.
