Prehospital Emergency Care 11th Edition.
Chapter 8: Pathophysiology Verified
Answers/100% Passed With A+ Graded
cellular metabolism (respiration) - **The process in which body cells break
down molecules of glucose to produce energy for the body. Includes two
kinds: aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic Metabolism - **The breakdown of molecules such as glucose
through a series of reactions that produce energy within the cells in the
presence of oxygen. GLYCOLYSIS is when glucose crosses the cell
membrane and is broken down into pyruvic acid molecules. It occurs in the
fluid portion of the cell (cytosol) and does not require oxygen. However,
glycolysis releases only a small amount of ATP (adenosine triphosphate, an
emergency source required by the cell to release more energy and a
necessity for cells to carry out certain functions.
When oxygen is available however, the reaction continues inside the
mitochondria, where a lot more ATP (energy) is released. This energy is
essential for normal cell function. Byproducts of Aerobic Metabolism
include: heat (used to maintain body temperature), carbon dioxide
(transported in blood and blown off in exhalation), and water (reabsorbed
and used within the body or excreted.
Anaerobic Metabolism - **The breakdown of molecules in the cells without
the presence of oxygen. Basically, the normal glycolysis is able to take
place, but w/o the oxygen being available, the pyruvic acid is not able to
enter next phase of Metabolism and so is converted into lactic acid.
, Byproducts include ATP (small amount) and lactic acid. If enough acid
accumulates, it produces an acidic environment that disturbs function and
stability, leaves cell with little energy to complete functions, and potential
cell damage or death.
Sodium/Potassium Pump - **A transport protein that constantly exchanges
sodium for potassium in a continuous cycle. Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)
are both positively charged ions. Na (with Ca) is usually found in fluid
outside cell, while K is found in fluid inside skill. However, as molecules
always want to move "with the concentration gradient" (ie move from an
area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration), the Na is
going to want to get inside the cell and stay there. However, when the Na is
inside, it pushes out the K and invites in Ca and H2O instead. So, the cell
has to use ATP to pump the Na out, so that the K can flow back in where it
belongs.
When a patient is not getting enough oxygen, and their cells being to
participate in anaerobic metabolism, there is not enough ATP produced in
order to pump the sodium out. As the Na collects, it attacks water in with it
naturally, which causes the the cell to swell and eventually rupture and die.
Perfusion - **The delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other substances to the
cells and the elimination of waste produces from the cells.
To maintain adequate perfusion, the components of delivery and removal
must work properly, including composition of ambient air, patent airway,
mechanics of ventilation, regulation of ventilation, ventilation/perfusion
ratio, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood, blood volume,
Chapter 8: Pathophysiology Verified
Answers/100% Passed With A+ Graded
cellular metabolism (respiration) - **The process in which body cells break
down molecules of glucose to produce energy for the body. Includes two
kinds: aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic Metabolism - **The breakdown of molecules such as glucose
through a series of reactions that produce energy within the cells in the
presence of oxygen. GLYCOLYSIS is when glucose crosses the cell
membrane and is broken down into pyruvic acid molecules. It occurs in the
fluid portion of the cell (cytosol) and does not require oxygen. However,
glycolysis releases only a small amount of ATP (adenosine triphosphate, an
emergency source required by the cell to release more energy and a
necessity for cells to carry out certain functions.
When oxygen is available however, the reaction continues inside the
mitochondria, where a lot more ATP (energy) is released. This energy is
essential for normal cell function. Byproducts of Aerobic Metabolism
include: heat (used to maintain body temperature), carbon dioxide
(transported in blood and blown off in exhalation), and water (reabsorbed
and used within the body or excreted.
Anaerobic Metabolism - **The breakdown of molecules in the cells without
the presence of oxygen. Basically, the normal glycolysis is able to take
place, but w/o the oxygen being available, the pyruvic acid is not able to
enter next phase of Metabolism and so is converted into lactic acid.
, Byproducts include ATP (small amount) and lactic acid. If enough acid
accumulates, it produces an acidic environment that disturbs function and
stability, leaves cell with little energy to complete functions, and potential
cell damage or death.
Sodium/Potassium Pump - **A transport protein that constantly exchanges
sodium for potassium in a continuous cycle. Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)
are both positively charged ions. Na (with Ca) is usually found in fluid
outside cell, while K is found in fluid inside skill. However, as molecules
always want to move "with the concentration gradient" (ie move from an
area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration), the Na is
going to want to get inside the cell and stay there. However, when the Na is
inside, it pushes out the K and invites in Ca and H2O instead. So, the cell
has to use ATP to pump the Na out, so that the K can flow back in where it
belongs.
When a patient is not getting enough oxygen, and their cells being to
participate in anaerobic metabolism, there is not enough ATP produced in
order to pump the sodium out. As the Na collects, it attacks water in with it
naturally, which causes the the cell to swell and eventually rupture and die.
Perfusion - **The delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other substances to the
cells and the elimination of waste produces from the cells.
To maintain adequate perfusion, the components of delivery and removal
must work properly, including composition of ambient air, patent airway,
mechanics of ventilation, regulation of ventilation, ventilation/perfusion
ratio, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood, blood volume,
