TEST 3 - Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2025 UTA
5315 Questions With Complete Solutions
*Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation* Correct Answers *Most
common* type of brain herniation
Patho: Downward movement of the cerebellum through the
foramen magnum
Signs: *Stiff neck, decreased LOC, respiratory abnormalities,
pulse variations*
3 stages of shock Correct Answers 1. Nonprogressive. Early
shock. In an attempt to maintain perfusion, heart rate increases
& vasoconstriction occurs to maintain perfusion and increase
blood pressure.
2. Progressive. Body is no longer able to compensate. Hypoxia,
anaerobic cellular metabolism (creation of energy with carbs in
the absence of oxygen), & production of lactic acid. MULTI-
ORGAN FAILURE OCCURS.
3. Irreversible shock. Organs are permanently and severely
damaged. Patient will not survive.
4 stages of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Correct
Answers The higher the number, the more widespread the tau
protein accumulation & worse the disease
Stage I: p-tau neurofibrillary tangles are isolated to cerebral
cortex
Stage 4: p-tau proteins are widespread throughout brain
,Acute Confusional State (Delirium) Correct Answers Sudden
cerebral dysfunction; patient may be normal one minute and
delirious the next.
Signs: Confusion, agitation, memory impairments,
distractibility, compulsive behavior, obsessions
Causes are usually correctable: ETOH withdrawal, drug
intoxication, siezures, electrolyte imbalances (sodium &
calcium), hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, infection, head
injury
Acute Coronary Syndrome Correct Answers Broad term which
emcompasses three diagnoses:
Unstable angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, ST
elevation infarction
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Correct Answers Type
of respiratory failure which results from massive lung
inflammation and widespread alveolar capillary damage
Damage significantly impairs gas exchange and the patient will
have significant issues with oxygenation
Causes: Pneumonia, sepsis, massive trauma, burns, aspiration,
DIC, pancreatitis
Acute Respiratory Failure Correct Answers -Hypoxemia resp.
failure = PaO2 less than or equal to 50 (norm 80-100)
,-Hypercapnia resp. failure = PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50
(norm 35-45)
-In either case, main disfunction is an impairment in diffusion
All Hematomas... Correct Answers -Compress brain tissue
-Increase intracranial pressure
-Brain herniation if bleed is not resolved
Alzheimer's Disease Correct Answers Most common form of
dementia
Death occurs 5-10 years after onset
Alzheimer's Patho Correct Answers 1. Accumulation of
amyloid (starch like protein) in brain
2. Accumulation causes neufibrillary tangles (distortion &
twisting of neurons)
3. Senile plaques form
4. Senile plaques lead to disrupted nerve impulse transmission
and neuron death
Anaphylactic Shock Correct Answers Results from pathologic
immune and inflammatory reaction to an antigen, leading to
widespread VASODILATION.
Type I hypersensitivity.
IgE mediated.
Anterior Cerebral Artery Correct Answers Occlusion of this
artery results in *contralateral (opposite of injury) hemiparesis*
and *loss of sensation*; symptoms will be more present in
*lower extremities*
, Anterior Inferior Artery Correct Answers Occlusion would
cause vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus (eyes flutter), decreased
lacrimation (tears production), decreased taste, decreased
corneal reflex, decreased pain and temperature sensation in face,
decreased ipsilateral (same side as injury) hearing
Aortic Valve Regurgitation Correct Answers -Valve is TOO
WIDE or TOO NARROW, blood doesn't pass through
effectively, causing back flow of blood into the left ventricle
-Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole, heart
contracts and pushes blood up the aorta, but on diastole, heart
relaxes and ineffective aortic valve is not able to hold blood up
in aorta, so blood falls and makes a swish sound, which is the
murmur)
-Most commonly caused by AORTIC ROOT
DILATION(starting point of aorta is too wide)
-Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortitis
from syphilis, coarctation (congenital narrowing of aorta), aortic
dissection (tear), ankylosing spondylitis (inflammatory arthritis)
-Acute: increases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
(LVEDP) (increased blood back down in the left ventricle
increases pressure), decreased stroke volume (not much blood is
being pushed from left ventricle because blood's backed up and
overwhelming left ventricle), normal or decreased pulse
pressure, decreased cardiac output (aorta is not effectively
pumping blood from heart)
5315 Questions With Complete Solutions
*Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation* Correct Answers *Most
common* type of brain herniation
Patho: Downward movement of the cerebellum through the
foramen magnum
Signs: *Stiff neck, decreased LOC, respiratory abnormalities,
pulse variations*
3 stages of shock Correct Answers 1. Nonprogressive. Early
shock. In an attempt to maintain perfusion, heart rate increases
& vasoconstriction occurs to maintain perfusion and increase
blood pressure.
2. Progressive. Body is no longer able to compensate. Hypoxia,
anaerobic cellular metabolism (creation of energy with carbs in
the absence of oxygen), & production of lactic acid. MULTI-
ORGAN FAILURE OCCURS.
3. Irreversible shock. Organs are permanently and severely
damaged. Patient will not survive.
4 stages of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Correct
Answers The higher the number, the more widespread the tau
protein accumulation & worse the disease
Stage I: p-tau neurofibrillary tangles are isolated to cerebral
cortex
Stage 4: p-tau proteins are widespread throughout brain
,Acute Confusional State (Delirium) Correct Answers Sudden
cerebral dysfunction; patient may be normal one minute and
delirious the next.
Signs: Confusion, agitation, memory impairments,
distractibility, compulsive behavior, obsessions
Causes are usually correctable: ETOH withdrawal, drug
intoxication, siezures, electrolyte imbalances (sodium &
calcium), hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, infection, head
injury
Acute Coronary Syndrome Correct Answers Broad term which
emcompasses three diagnoses:
Unstable angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, ST
elevation infarction
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Correct Answers Type
of respiratory failure which results from massive lung
inflammation and widespread alveolar capillary damage
Damage significantly impairs gas exchange and the patient will
have significant issues with oxygenation
Causes: Pneumonia, sepsis, massive trauma, burns, aspiration,
DIC, pancreatitis
Acute Respiratory Failure Correct Answers -Hypoxemia resp.
failure = PaO2 less than or equal to 50 (norm 80-100)
,-Hypercapnia resp. failure = PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50
(norm 35-45)
-In either case, main disfunction is an impairment in diffusion
All Hematomas... Correct Answers -Compress brain tissue
-Increase intracranial pressure
-Brain herniation if bleed is not resolved
Alzheimer's Disease Correct Answers Most common form of
dementia
Death occurs 5-10 years after onset
Alzheimer's Patho Correct Answers 1. Accumulation of
amyloid (starch like protein) in brain
2. Accumulation causes neufibrillary tangles (distortion &
twisting of neurons)
3. Senile plaques form
4. Senile plaques lead to disrupted nerve impulse transmission
and neuron death
Anaphylactic Shock Correct Answers Results from pathologic
immune and inflammatory reaction to an antigen, leading to
widespread VASODILATION.
Type I hypersensitivity.
IgE mediated.
Anterior Cerebral Artery Correct Answers Occlusion of this
artery results in *contralateral (opposite of injury) hemiparesis*
and *loss of sensation*; symptoms will be more present in
*lower extremities*
, Anterior Inferior Artery Correct Answers Occlusion would
cause vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus (eyes flutter), decreased
lacrimation (tears production), decreased taste, decreased
corneal reflex, decreased pain and temperature sensation in face,
decreased ipsilateral (same side as injury) hearing
Aortic Valve Regurgitation Correct Answers -Valve is TOO
WIDE or TOO NARROW, blood doesn't pass through
effectively, causing back flow of blood into the left ventricle
-Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole, heart
contracts and pushes blood up the aorta, but on diastole, heart
relaxes and ineffective aortic valve is not able to hold blood up
in aorta, so blood falls and makes a swish sound, which is the
murmur)
-Most commonly caused by AORTIC ROOT
DILATION(starting point of aorta is too wide)
-Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortitis
from syphilis, coarctation (congenital narrowing of aorta), aortic
dissection (tear), ankylosing spondylitis (inflammatory arthritis)
-Acute: increases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
(LVEDP) (increased blood back down in the left ventricle
increases pressure), decreased stroke volume (not much blood is
being pushed from left ventricle because blood's backed up and
overwhelming left ventricle), normal or decreased pulse
pressure, decreased cardiac output (aorta is not effectively
pumping blood from heart)
