1
NSG 533 EXAM 1LATEST UPDATES -2025/2026- ACTUAL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
5 mechanisms of edema formation
1. Increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
3. Lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction
4. Increased capillary permeability
5. Sodium and water retention
3 mechanisms involved in apoptosis
1. Apoptosis triggered by internal signals: the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway
2. Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway
3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
7 general mechanisms of cell injury
1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
4. Membrane damage (depletion of ATP)
5. Protein folding defects
6. DNA damage defects
7. Calcium level alterations
, 2
3 cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced hypoxic injury
1. Since not enough oxygen is reaching the cell, the amount of ATP production
within the mitochondria declines
2. When ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation declines, glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases
3. The decline in pH leads to rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of
their proteolytic enzymes = autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane
4 A&P occurrences that characterize all cell injury and death
1. Impaired energy (ATP) production
2. Direct cell membrane damage/injury
3. Genetic alteration
4. Metabolic derangements
4 critical points at which ATP production may be impaired
1. Hypoxia (the most common)
2. Hypoglycemia (far less common than hypoxia)
3. Inhibition of enzymes within the cell (extremely rare)
4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation (extremely rare)
5 forms of direct cell membrane damage/injury
1. The effect of free radicals (reactive oxygen species)
2. Activation of the complement system
3. Lysis by enzymes
4. Lysis by viruses
5. Physical and chemical stressors
2 forms of endogenous accumulations (metabolic derangements)
1. Fat
, 3
2. Bilirubin
4 effects of free cytosolic calcium
1. Activation of protein kinases
2. Activation of phospholipases with phospholipid degradation and loss
3. Activation of proteases
4. Activation of endonuclease
Pyknosis
Clumping of nuclear material
Karyorrhexis
Fragmentation of the nuclear material
Karyolysis
Dissolution of the nuclear material
Current TBW for water deficit
weight in kg x (0.4 for women, 0.5 for men, 0.6 for infants)
Ideal TBW
(current Na X TBW) / 140
Water deficit
(Current Na X TBW) / 140 - TBW
Current TBW for water excess
weight in kg (0.5 for women, 0.6 for men, 0.7 for infants)
Water excess
weight (kg) X (0.5 for women, 0.6 for men, 0.7 for infants) x (1 - [Na/125])
Serum osmolality
OSM (calc) = 2 X [sodium concentration] + [glucose concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
NSG 533 EXAM 1LATEST UPDATES -2025/2026- ACTUAL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
5 mechanisms of edema formation
1. Increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
3. Lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction
4. Increased capillary permeability
5. Sodium and water retention
3 mechanisms involved in apoptosis
1. Apoptosis triggered by internal signals: the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway
2. Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway
3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
7 general mechanisms of cell injury
1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
4. Membrane damage (depletion of ATP)
5. Protein folding defects
6. DNA damage defects
7. Calcium level alterations
, 2
3 cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced hypoxic injury
1. Since not enough oxygen is reaching the cell, the amount of ATP production
within the mitochondria declines
2. When ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation declines, glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases
3. The decline in pH leads to rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of
their proteolytic enzymes = autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane
4 A&P occurrences that characterize all cell injury and death
1. Impaired energy (ATP) production
2. Direct cell membrane damage/injury
3. Genetic alteration
4. Metabolic derangements
4 critical points at which ATP production may be impaired
1. Hypoxia (the most common)
2. Hypoglycemia (far less common than hypoxia)
3. Inhibition of enzymes within the cell (extremely rare)
4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation (extremely rare)
5 forms of direct cell membrane damage/injury
1. The effect of free radicals (reactive oxygen species)
2. Activation of the complement system
3. Lysis by enzymes
4. Lysis by viruses
5. Physical and chemical stressors
2 forms of endogenous accumulations (metabolic derangements)
1. Fat
, 3
2. Bilirubin
4 effects of free cytosolic calcium
1. Activation of protein kinases
2. Activation of phospholipases with phospholipid degradation and loss
3. Activation of proteases
4. Activation of endonuclease
Pyknosis
Clumping of nuclear material
Karyorrhexis
Fragmentation of the nuclear material
Karyolysis
Dissolution of the nuclear material
Current TBW for water deficit
weight in kg x (0.4 for women, 0.5 for men, 0.6 for infants)
Ideal TBW
(current Na X TBW) / 140
Water deficit
(Current Na X TBW) / 140 - TBW
Current TBW for water excess
weight in kg (0.5 for women, 0.6 for men, 0.7 for infants)
Water excess
weight (kg) X (0.5 for women, 0.6 for men, 0.7 for infants) x (1 - [Na/125])
Serum osmolality
OSM (calc) = 2 X [sodium concentration] + [glucose concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
