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any member of the tribe Hominini, includ-
Hominin ing all species of Australopithecus and
Homo
A scientist who studies fossilized re-
Paleontologist
mains of plant and animal species
any dating method that takes advantage
of the fact that isotopes of certain ele-
Radiometric method
ments change spontaneously from one
isotope to another at a constant rate
A chemical element with the same atom-
ic number as another element but having
isotope a different atomic weight. Unstable iso-
topes spontaneously change into more
stable isotopes.
A spontaneous process in which unsta-
radioactive decay ble nuclei lose energy by emitting radia-
tion
a chemical analysis used to determine
the age of organic materials based on
radiocarbon dating
their content of the radioisotope car-
bon-14
a technique used to date crystalline
thermoluminescence dating materials by measuring the density of
trapped electrons in the crystal lattice
a technique used to date fossil teeth
electron-spin-resonance dating by measuring the density of electrons
trapped in apatite crystals in teeth
a crystalline material found in tooth
apatite crystal
enamel
An absolute dating method based on the
paleomagnetic dating
reversals of Earth's magnetic field.
A method of relative dating based on
observing the evolutionary changes in
faunal dating
particular species of mammals, so as to
form a rough chronological sequence
, Laurasia North America, Europe, Asia
Pangaea supercontinent
The continents of Africa, South America,
Gondwanaland India, Australia, and Antarctica when all
the continents were a single landmass.
a plant that reproduces without flowering.
gymnosperm
include pines, redwoods, and firs
A flowering plant which forms seeds
angiosperm inside a protective chamber called an
ovary. Cretaceous period
calcaneus heel bone
Any member of a group of early-Miocene
proconsulid hominoids that includes the genus Pro-
consul.
zygomatic arch cheek bone
a region with dry conditions found on the
leeward side of a mountain range as a re-
rain shadow
sult of humid winds from the ocean caus-
ing precipitation on the windward side
a method of dating rocks from the relative
Potassium-argon dating proportions of radioactive potassium-40
and its decay product, argon-40.
the movement over the surface of the
Continental drift
globe of the immense plates
torque a twisting force
muscle that moves a part away from the
abductor
midline
large wing-shaped bone at the upper and
ilium (ilia, pl.)
posterior part of the pelvis
femur thigh bone
A large opening at the base of the skull
foramen magnum through which the brain connects to the
spinal cord.
subnasal prognathism