Microprocessors & Embedded Systems
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
🔹 1. System aur Embedded System kya hota hai?
● System: Ek aisa arrangement jisme saare parts milke ek fixed rule ke according
kaam karte hain.
● Embedded System: Ye ek special system hota hai jo ek hi task ke liye bana hota
hai. Isme hardware + software dono hote hain.
○ Example: Fire alarm – sirf smoke detect karta hai.
🔹 2. Embedded System ki Characteristics
● Task Specific: Ek kaam baar-baar karta hai. Jaise MP3 player sirf songs play
karega.
● Time Constrained: Har kaam time pe hona chahiye. Airbag delay hua toh accident
ho sakta hai.
● Minimal User Interface: Zyada buttons ya interface nahi hota.
● Efficient: Kam power mein kaam karta hai, size bhi chhota hota hai.
● Reliable: Long time tak bina problem ke kaam karta hai.
● Real-Time Performance: Turant response deta hai jab external input aata hai.
● Limited Resources: Memory, CPU, power sab limited hota hai.
🔹 3. History
● Pehla popular embedded system: Autonetics D-17 missile guidance (1961).
, ● 1966 me Integrated Circuits aaye Minuteman II missile ke liye.
● Baad me microprocessor/microcontroller se boom aaya.
🔹 4. Applications kahaan hota hai?
● Automotive: Airbags, infotainment.
● Ghar ke saman: Microwave, washing machine.
● Medical: Pacemaker, insulin pump.
● Industrial: Robots, CNC machine.
● Defense: Missile, drone.
● Banking: ATM.
● Telecom: Router, modem.
🔹 5. Classification
Functional ke basis pe:
● Real-Time:
○ Soft Real-Time: Delay ho toh quality girti hai (Video stream).
○ Hard Real-Time: Delay allowed nahi. (Pacemaker, Airbag).
● Stand-Alone: Independent system (MP3 player).
● Networked: Network se connect hota hai (Smart Meter).
● Mobile: Portable system (Smartphone).
Microcontroller ke performance ke basis pe:
● Small Scale: 8/16-bit, basic kaam.
● Medium Scale: 16/32-bit, thoda complex.
, ● Sophisticated: High-end, OS wale system.
🔹 6. Advantages aur Disadvantages
✅ Advantages:
● Specific task ke liye optimized.
● Reliable, compact, low power.
● Easily automate ho jaata hai.
❌ Disadvantages:
● Upgrade karna mushkil.
● Debugging tough hoti hai.
● Flexible nahi hota.
🔹 7. Firmware kya hota hai?
● Ek aisi software hoti hai jo hardware mein directly flash ki jaati hai (ROM/Flash
memory).
● Ye basic hardware operations ko control karti hai.
● Manufacture ke time pe install hoti hai.
● Change karna difficult hota hai.
Firmware vs Software:
Feature Firmware Software
Use Low-level control High-level user task
Change Rare Frequently updated
UI Nahin hoti User friendly hoti hai
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
🔹 1. System aur Embedded System kya hota hai?
● System: Ek aisa arrangement jisme saare parts milke ek fixed rule ke according
kaam karte hain.
● Embedded System: Ye ek special system hota hai jo ek hi task ke liye bana hota
hai. Isme hardware + software dono hote hain.
○ Example: Fire alarm – sirf smoke detect karta hai.
🔹 2. Embedded System ki Characteristics
● Task Specific: Ek kaam baar-baar karta hai. Jaise MP3 player sirf songs play
karega.
● Time Constrained: Har kaam time pe hona chahiye. Airbag delay hua toh accident
ho sakta hai.
● Minimal User Interface: Zyada buttons ya interface nahi hota.
● Efficient: Kam power mein kaam karta hai, size bhi chhota hota hai.
● Reliable: Long time tak bina problem ke kaam karta hai.
● Real-Time Performance: Turant response deta hai jab external input aata hai.
● Limited Resources: Memory, CPU, power sab limited hota hai.
🔹 3. History
● Pehla popular embedded system: Autonetics D-17 missile guidance (1961).
, ● 1966 me Integrated Circuits aaye Minuteman II missile ke liye.
● Baad me microprocessor/microcontroller se boom aaya.
🔹 4. Applications kahaan hota hai?
● Automotive: Airbags, infotainment.
● Ghar ke saman: Microwave, washing machine.
● Medical: Pacemaker, insulin pump.
● Industrial: Robots, CNC machine.
● Defense: Missile, drone.
● Banking: ATM.
● Telecom: Router, modem.
🔹 5. Classification
Functional ke basis pe:
● Real-Time:
○ Soft Real-Time: Delay ho toh quality girti hai (Video stream).
○ Hard Real-Time: Delay allowed nahi. (Pacemaker, Airbag).
● Stand-Alone: Independent system (MP3 player).
● Networked: Network se connect hota hai (Smart Meter).
● Mobile: Portable system (Smartphone).
Microcontroller ke performance ke basis pe:
● Small Scale: 8/16-bit, basic kaam.
● Medium Scale: 16/32-bit, thoda complex.
, ● Sophisticated: High-end, OS wale system.
🔹 6. Advantages aur Disadvantages
✅ Advantages:
● Specific task ke liye optimized.
● Reliable, compact, low power.
● Easily automate ho jaata hai.
❌ Disadvantages:
● Upgrade karna mushkil.
● Debugging tough hoti hai.
● Flexible nahi hota.
🔹 7. Firmware kya hota hai?
● Ek aisi software hoti hai jo hardware mein directly flash ki jaati hai (ROM/Flash
memory).
● Ye basic hardware operations ko control karti hai.
● Manufacture ke time pe install hoti hai.
● Change karna difficult hota hai.
Firmware vs Software:
Feature Firmware Software
Use Low-level control High-level user task
Change Rare Frequently updated
UI Nahin hoti User friendly hoti hai
