IT FUNDAMENTALS RELIABLE EXAM SHEET QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
✔✔Memory Size Mismatch - ✔✔CMOS error: displayed if the amount of RAM detected
and the amount specified in CMOS do not match.
✔✔Device Manager - ✔✔useful tool used to manage and configure system devices.
✔✔Windows Task Manager - ✔✔basic system-diagnostic and performance-monitoring
tool.
✔✔System Information Utility - ✔✔displays detailed information about the current
system configuration, including a general summary of the system components,
hardware resource assignments by category, installed hardware devices, the software
environment, and Internet Explorer® settings.
✔✔Event Viewer - ✔✔view the contents of event logs, which are files that contain
information on your computer.
✔✔Computer Management - ✔✔console serves as a genuine Swiss army knife of major
system administration and information tools.
✔✔Disk Management - ✔✔In this tool you can: Display Drives, modify partitions, assign
drive letters, and reformat
✔✔Check Disk Command - ✔✔chkdsk.exe
✔✔chkdsk.exe - ✔✔Verifies the logical integrity of a file system.
✔✔/f - ✔✔chkdsk command that repairs the files system data
✔✔/r - ✔✔chkdsk command that locates bad sectors and recovers any readable
information
✔✔Format command - ✔✔format.exe
✔✔format.exe - ✔✔Formats partitions to a selected file system. You can run the format
command at the command line, Explorer and choose Format.
✔✔Optimize Drives - ✔✔dfrgui.exe
✔✔dfrgui.exe - ✔✔Arranges stored data on a disk into contiguous blocks
(defragmentation). Because individual files are stored on disks in multiple separate
,blocks, the used and empty storage areas on a disk can become fragmented and
scattered.
✔✔software management - ✔✔management involves installing and updating operating
system features, applications, and drivers, as well as obtaining the appropriate licenses.
✔✔software versions - ✔✔changed every time the software is upgraded or newer
features have been added to it.
✔✔hardware requirements - ✔✔The _______ deal with central processing unit (CPU)
specifications, random access memory (RAM) and hard disk space, display adapters,
and peripherals.
✔✔software update - ✔✔the process of replacing a software application completely with
a newer version.
✔✔software upgrades - ✔✔upgrades include a version change of an operating system,
productivity applications, security utilities, or various other tools.
✔✔automatic updates - ✔✔feature of an operating system or a software application that
enables updates to be downloaded and installed automatically on a system at a
scheduled time or a certain frequency
✔✔volume licensing - ✔✔have multiple licensing
✔✔license - ✔✔typically entitle the IT admin to a product or activation key, which you
use to activate the software on a computer.
✔✔registering - ✔✔_______your copy of a software application helps prevent software
piracy.
✔✔data backup - ✔✔is a type of information protection scheme that enables you to
store copies of critical files and folders on another medium for safekeeping.
✔✔data loss - ✔✔Backups protect against...
✔✔File History - ✔✔used by Windows 8.1, it is a way to backup your files automatically
✔✔Backup Schedules - ✔✔Daily, Weekly or Monthly
✔✔Backup Storage Media - ✔✔Local or offsite/Cloud
,✔✔system image - ✔✔the entire state of an operating system and its corresponding
software, by loading the image from a storage medium such as a DVD-ROM or USB
thumb drive.
✔✔threat - ✔✔could be a software-based event caused by unknowingly downloading
malicious code from the Internet.
✔✔hackers/attackers - ✔✔for individuals who have the skills to gain access to computer
systems through unauthorized or unapproved means.
✔✔white hat - ✔✔hacker who discovers and exposes security flaws in applications and
operating systems so that manufacturers can fix them before they become widespread
problems.
✔✔black hat - ✔✔a hacker who discovers and exposes security vulnerabilities for
financial gain or for some malicious purpose.
✔✔white hat - ✔✔also discover and publicize security problems, but without the
organization's knowledge or permission. They consider themselves to be acting for the
common good.
✔✔malware - ✔✔any unwanted software that has the potential to damage a system,
impede performance, or create a nuisance condition.
✔✔virus - ✔✔A piece of code that spreads from one computer to another by attaching
itself to other files. The code in a ____ executes when the file it is attached to is opened.
Frequently, _____are intended to enable further attacks, send data back to the attacker,
or even corrupt or destroy data.
✔✔worm - ✔✔A piece of code that spreads from one computer to another on its own,
not by attaching itself to another file. Like a virus, a ____ can enable further attacks,
transmit data, or corrupt or erase files.
✔✔trojan horse - ✔✔A crafty type of malware that is itself a software attack and can
pave the way for a number of other types of attacks. There is a social engineering
component to executing it.
✔✔logic bomb - ✔✔A piece of code that sits dormant on a target computer until it is
triggered by a specific event, such as a specific date. Once the code is triggered, the
____ ____ detonates, and performs whatever actions it was programed to do. Often,
this includes erasing and corrupting data on the target system.
✔✔spyware - ✔✔Stealthily installed malicious software that is intended to track and
report the usage of a target system, or to collect other data the author wishes to obtain.
, Data collected can include web browsing history, personal information, banking and
other financial information, and user names and passwords.
✔✔Adware - ✔✔Software that automatically displays or downloads advertisements
when it is used. Although not all ____ is malicious, many ____ programs have been
associated with spyware and other types of malicious software. Also, it can reduce user
productivity by slowing down systems and simply by creating annoyances.
✔✔rootkit - ✔✔Code that is intended to take full or partial control of a system at the
lowest levels. _____ often attempt to hide themselves from monitoring or detection, and
modify low-level system files when integrating themselves into a system. _____can be
used for non-malicious purposes such as virtualization; however, most _____ infections
install backdoors, spyware, or other malicious code once they have control of the target
system.
✔✔spam - ✔✔____is an email-based threat that presents various advertising materials,
promotional content, or get-rich-quick schemes to users. The messages can quickly fill
a user's inbox and cause storage issues. ____can also carry malicious code and other
types of malware.
✔✔ransomware - ✔✔_____is malicious software that prevents you from using your
computer. It usually displays a message stating that you must pay a fee or face some
other penalty before you can access your files and computer again. Paying the ransom
doesn't necessarily mean that you will regain access to your files or computer.
✔✔social engineering attack - ✔✔a type of attack that uses deception and trickery to
convince unsuspecting users to provide sensitive data or to violate security guidelines.
✔✔shoulder surfing - ✔✔This is a human-based attack where the goal is to look over
the shoulder of an individual as he or she enters password information or a PIN. _____
can happen in an office environment, a retail environment, at an ATM or at the entryway
of a secure physical facility.
✔✔spoofing - ✔✔This is a human-based or software-based attack where the goal is to
pretend to be someone else for the purpose of identity concealment. ______can occur
in Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, network adapter's hardware (Media Access Control
[MAC]) addresses, and email. If employed in email, various email message headers are
changed to conceal the originator's identity.
✔✔impersonation - ✔✔This is a human-based attack where an attacker pretends to be
someone he is not. A common scenario is when the attacker calls an employee and
pretends to be calling from the help desk.
✔✔hoax - ✔✔This is an email-based or web-based attack that is intended to trick the
user into performing undesired actions, such as deleting important system files in an
AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
✔✔Memory Size Mismatch - ✔✔CMOS error: displayed if the amount of RAM detected
and the amount specified in CMOS do not match.
✔✔Device Manager - ✔✔useful tool used to manage and configure system devices.
✔✔Windows Task Manager - ✔✔basic system-diagnostic and performance-monitoring
tool.
✔✔System Information Utility - ✔✔displays detailed information about the current
system configuration, including a general summary of the system components,
hardware resource assignments by category, installed hardware devices, the software
environment, and Internet Explorer® settings.
✔✔Event Viewer - ✔✔view the contents of event logs, which are files that contain
information on your computer.
✔✔Computer Management - ✔✔console serves as a genuine Swiss army knife of major
system administration and information tools.
✔✔Disk Management - ✔✔In this tool you can: Display Drives, modify partitions, assign
drive letters, and reformat
✔✔Check Disk Command - ✔✔chkdsk.exe
✔✔chkdsk.exe - ✔✔Verifies the logical integrity of a file system.
✔✔/f - ✔✔chkdsk command that repairs the files system data
✔✔/r - ✔✔chkdsk command that locates bad sectors and recovers any readable
information
✔✔Format command - ✔✔format.exe
✔✔format.exe - ✔✔Formats partitions to a selected file system. You can run the format
command at the command line, Explorer and choose Format.
✔✔Optimize Drives - ✔✔dfrgui.exe
✔✔dfrgui.exe - ✔✔Arranges stored data on a disk into contiguous blocks
(defragmentation). Because individual files are stored on disks in multiple separate
,blocks, the used and empty storage areas on a disk can become fragmented and
scattered.
✔✔software management - ✔✔management involves installing and updating operating
system features, applications, and drivers, as well as obtaining the appropriate licenses.
✔✔software versions - ✔✔changed every time the software is upgraded or newer
features have been added to it.
✔✔hardware requirements - ✔✔The _______ deal with central processing unit (CPU)
specifications, random access memory (RAM) and hard disk space, display adapters,
and peripherals.
✔✔software update - ✔✔the process of replacing a software application completely with
a newer version.
✔✔software upgrades - ✔✔upgrades include a version change of an operating system,
productivity applications, security utilities, or various other tools.
✔✔automatic updates - ✔✔feature of an operating system or a software application that
enables updates to be downloaded and installed automatically on a system at a
scheduled time or a certain frequency
✔✔volume licensing - ✔✔have multiple licensing
✔✔license - ✔✔typically entitle the IT admin to a product or activation key, which you
use to activate the software on a computer.
✔✔registering - ✔✔_______your copy of a software application helps prevent software
piracy.
✔✔data backup - ✔✔is a type of information protection scheme that enables you to
store copies of critical files and folders on another medium for safekeeping.
✔✔data loss - ✔✔Backups protect against...
✔✔File History - ✔✔used by Windows 8.1, it is a way to backup your files automatically
✔✔Backup Schedules - ✔✔Daily, Weekly or Monthly
✔✔Backup Storage Media - ✔✔Local or offsite/Cloud
,✔✔system image - ✔✔the entire state of an operating system and its corresponding
software, by loading the image from a storage medium such as a DVD-ROM or USB
thumb drive.
✔✔threat - ✔✔could be a software-based event caused by unknowingly downloading
malicious code from the Internet.
✔✔hackers/attackers - ✔✔for individuals who have the skills to gain access to computer
systems through unauthorized or unapproved means.
✔✔white hat - ✔✔hacker who discovers and exposes security flaws in applications and
operating systems so that manufacturers can fix them before they become widespread
problems.
✔✔black hat - ✔✔a hacker who discovers and exposes security vulnerabilities for
financial gain or for some malicious purpose.
✔✔white hat - ✔✔also discover and publicize security problems, but without the
organization's knowledge or permission. They consider themselves to be acting for the
common good.
✔✔malware - ✔✔any unwanted software that has the potential to damage a system,
impede performance, or create a nuisance condition.
✔✔virus - ✔✔A piece of code that spreads from one computer to another by attaching
itself to other files. The code in a ____ executes when the file it is attached to is opened.
Frequently, _____are intended to enable further attacks, send data back to the attacker,
or even corrupt or destroy data.
✔✔worm - ✔✔A piece of code that spreads from one computer to another on its own,
not by attaching itself to another file. Like a virus, a ____ can enable further attacks,
transmit data, or corrupt or erase files.
✔✔trojan horse - ✔✔A crafty type of malware that is itself a software attack and can
pave the way for a number of other types of attacks. There is a social engineering
component to executing it.
✔✔logic bomb - ✔✔A piece of code that sits dormant on a target computer until it is
triggered by a specific event, such as a specific date. Once the code is triggered, the
____ ____ detonates, and performs whatever actions it was programed to do. Often,
this includes erasing and corrupting data on the target system.
✔✔spyware - ✔✔Stealthily installed malicious software that is intended to track and
report the usage of a target system, or to collect other data the author wishes to obtain.
, Data collected can include web browsing history, personal information, banking and
other financial information, and user names and passwords.
✔✔Adware - ✔✔Software that automatically displays or downloads advertisements
when it is used. Although not all ____ is malicious, many ____ programs have been
associated with spyware and other types of malicious software. Also, it can reduce user
productivity by slowing down systems and simply by creating annoyances.
✔✔rootkit - ✔✔Code that is intended to take full or partial control of a system at the
lowest levels. _____ often attempt to hide themselves from monitoring or detection, and
modify low-level system files when integrating themselves into a system. _____can be
used for non-malicious purposes such as virtualization; however, most _____ infections
install backdoors, spyware, or other malicious code once they have control of the target
system.
✔✔spam - ✔✔____is an email-based threat that presents various advertising materials,
promotional content, or get-rich-quick schemes to users. The messages can quickly fill
a user's inbox and cause storage issues. ____can also carry malicious code and other
types of malware.
✔✔ransomware - ✔✔_____is malicious software that prevents you from using your
computer. It usually displays a message stating that you must pay a fee or face some
other penalty before you can access your files and computer again. Paying the ransom
doesn't necessarily mean that you will regain access to your files or computer.
✔✔social engineering attack - ✔✔a type of attack that uses deception and trickery to
convince unsuspecting users to provide sensitive data or to violate security guidelines.
✔✔shoulder surfing - ✔✔This is a human-based attack where the goal is to look over
the shoulder of an individual as he or she enters password information or a PIN. _____
can happen in an office environment, a retail environment, at an ATM or at the entryway
of a secure physical facility.
✔✔spoofing - ✔✔This is a human-based or software-based attack where the goal is to
pretend to be someone else for the purpose of identity concealment. ______can occur
in Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, network adapter's hardware (Media Access Control
[MAC]) addresses, and email. If employed in email, various email message headers are
changed to conceal the originator's identity.
✔✔impersonation - ✔✔This is a human-based attack where an attacker pretends to be
someone he is not. A common scenario is when the attacker calls an employee and
pretends to be calling from the help desk.
✔✔hoax - ✔✔This is an email-based or web-based attack that is intended to trick the
user into performing undesired actions, such as deleting important system files in an
