Motor Learning Exam All Questions and
Answers 2025 with complete solution
Describe how expertise is related to problem solving and mental representations. --
PRECISE ANSWER-- Experts have better problem solving abilities due to their richer, more
detailed mental representations in their specific field of expertise. Their quality and quantity of
mental representations are better than those of novices allowing them to quickly take in large
amounts of information, give the information meaning and produce an action plan. As they can
recognize patterns, predict what will happen next, organize information, plan ahead self-
evaluate and practice autonomic processing better than novices they are able to use these
abilities to solve problems better.
What is the nature of expertise (i.e. what features characterise expertise)? Describe the
advantages experts enjoy thanks to the mental representations they have developed.
--PRECISE ANSWER-- As experts have richer and more detailed mental representations they
are able to recognize patterns, predict what will happen next, organize their information, plan
ahead, self-evaluate and autonomically process better than novices. These abilities allow experts
to take in, give meaning to and chose an action plan faster than novices.
What did the study of violinists attending the music academy & music education department at
the Berlin University of the Arts lead Ericsson and colleagues to conclude about the expertise?
How is this related to the monotonic benefits assumption? --PRECISE ANSWER-- As the
monotonics benefits assumption explains that performance is directly related to the number of
hours of deliberate practice a learner accumulates the study of the violinists demonstrates just
that. It can be concluded from the assumption that experts accumulate more hours and
performance at similar levels of accumulation should be similar. This was demonstrated by the
levels of expertise of the violinists compared to the number of hours they had accumulated.
Ericsson and his colleagues concluded from the evidence that approximately 10 000 hours of
deliberate practice was needed to become and expert.
Describe the common features in nurturing expertise ("the recipe") that was demonstrated by
Laszlo Polgar, Karl Witte Sr., Leopold Mozart, Richard Williams and Earl Woods. --PRECISE
ANSWER-- The recipe for developing expertise demonstrated by the parents was that their
children needed to have a love for the skill and motivated to learn it. The children also needed to
accumulate lots of hours of deliberate practice. Furthermore, the parents all had knowledge of
pedagogy and how to instruct their child on how to perform their and adequate time to do it.
Lastly, they provided adequate resources to develop learning.
, Describe the characteristics of deliberate practice. According to Ericsson, what characteristics
differentiate deliberate from purposeful practice? --PRECISE ANSWER-- Deliberate practice
is characterized by taking full concentration, being done to minimize errors and as it is a means
to an end it might not always be enjoyable. It also has controlled repetitions to improve
components of the skill, feedback and supervision. Ericsson said that deliberate practice
differentiates from purposeful practice as it is "purposeful practice that knows where it's going
and how to get there". He explained that deliberate practice has a teacher who is knowledgeable
in how expertise can be developed the field and the field must be well developed so that the
principles of best practice are known.
Describe the differences between deliberate practice, play and work. --PRECISE ANSWER--
Deliberate practice is done with controlled repetition to minimize errors, has supervision, has
feedback, my not be enjoyable and takes full concentration. Although work and play can have
some of these qualities they are not done with repetition specifically to minimize errors. Instead
play in done for enjoyment and work is done for productivity, to gain something other than
improvement.
Describe the stages, and the characteristics of each stage, of the "elite performance through
sampling" pathway in the Developmental Model of Sport Participation. What implications does
this pathway have for the development of expertise in sport? --PRECISE ANSWER-- The first
stage of the model is entry into sport at about 6-7 years old followed by the sampling years from
approximately 7-11/12 years old. These years are characterised by involvement in multiple sports
and lost of play. Next, the specializing years are between approximately 12 and 14 where there
is more focus on deliberate practice, but it is balanced with deliberate play. Next are the
investment years where there is lots of focus on one sport and lots of deliberate practice. After 17
years this model demonstrated that there is a probable outcome of elite performance. This
pathway to elite performance demonstrates that early specialization may not be ideal as it can
lead to elite performance with lower rates of dropout, burnout and injury and more enjoyment.
Also, it does not require the accumulation of 10 000 hours of deliberate practice in a single sport,
but between 3000 and 4000 hours in the intended sport, but 10 000 hours of accumulated
deliberate practice in multiple sports.
Describe how neural plasticity and myelin plasticity are related to deliberate practice. --
PRECISE ANSWER-- Neural plasticity describes the modern view of the brain and how it
develops throughout our lifetime. As we grow and learn neural connections are formed from
our experiences. Myelin is a sheath that forms around axons increasing the speed and
synchronisation of their firing. The more myelin that forms (developed by neurons
continuously firing in the same pattern) the fast, stronger and more in time the neurons will fire.
As movement patterns are repeatedly performed neuronal connections to facilitate the
movement pattern will develop. Deliberate practice, as it is characterized by repetition and
error correction, causes nerves to wire together to make the movements more fluent, stronger
and faster.
Answers 2025 with complete solution
Describe how expertise is related to problem solving and mental representations. --
PRECISE ANSWER-- Experts have better problem solving abilities due to their richer, more
detailed mental representations in their specific field of expertise. Their quality and quantity of
mental representations are better than those of novices allowing them to quickly take in large
amounts of information, give the information meaning and produce an action plan. As they can
recognize patterns, predict what will happen next, organize information, plan ahead self-
evaluate and practice autonomic processing better than novices they are able to use these
abilities to solve problems better.
What is the nature of expertise (i.e. what features characterise expertise)? Describe the
advantages experts enjoy thanks to the mental representations they have developed.
--PRECISE ANSWER-- As experts have richer and more detailed mental representations they
are able to recognize patterns, predict what will happen next, organize their information, plan
ahead, self-evaluate and autonomically process better than novices. These abilities allow experts
to take in, give meaning to and chose an action plan faster than novices.
What did the study of violinists attending the music academy & music education department at
the Berlin University of the Arts lead Ericsson and colleagues to conclude about the expertise?
How is this related to the monotonic benefits assumption? --PRECISE ANSWER-- As the
monotonics benefits assumption explains that performance is directly related to the number of
hours of deliberate practice a learner accumulates the study of the violinists demonstrates just
that. It can be concluded from the assumption that experts accumulate more hours and
performance at similar levels of accumulation should be similar. This was demonstrated by the
levels of expertise of the violinists compared to the number of hours they had accumulated.
Ericsson and his colleagues concluded from the evidence that approximately 10 000 hours of
deliberate practice was needed to become and expert.
Describe the common features in nurturing expertise ("the recipe") that was demonstrated by
Laszlo Polgar, Karl Witte Sr., Leopold Mozart, Richard Williams and Earl Woods. --PRECISE
ANSWER-- The recipe for developing expertise demonstrated by the parents was that their
children needed to have a love for the skill and motivated to learn it. The children also needed to
accumulate lots of hours of deliberate practice. Furthermore, the parents all had knowledge of
pedagogy and how to instruct their child on how to perform their and adequate time to do it.
Lastly, they provided adequate resources to develop learning.
, Describe the characteristics of deliberate practice. According to Ericsson, what characteristics
differentiate deliberate from purposeful practice? --PRECISE ANSWER-- Deliberate practice
is characterized by taking full concentration, being done to minimize errors and as it is a means
to an end it might not always be enjoyable. It also has controlled repetitions to improve
components of the skill, feedback and supervision. Ericsson said that deliberate practice
differentiates from purposeful practice as it is "purposeful practice that knows where it's going
and how to get there". He explained that deliberate practice has a teacher who is knowledgeable
in how expertise can be developed the field and the field must be well developed so that the
principles of best practice are known.
Describe the differences between deliberate practice, play and work. --PRECISE ANSWER--
Deliberate practice is done with controlled repetition to minimize errors, has supervision, has
feedback, my not be enjoyable and takes full concentration. Although work and play can have
some of these qualities they are not done with repetition specifically to minimize errors. Instead
play in done for enjoyment and work is done for productivity, to gain something other than
improvement.
Describe the stages, and the characteristics of each stage, of the "elite performance through
sampling" pathway in the Developmental Model of Sport Participation. What implications does
this pathway have for the development of expertise in sport? --PRECISE ANSWER-- The first
stage of the model is entry into sport at about 6-7 years old followed by the sampling years from
approximately 7-11/12 years old. These years are characterised by involvement in multiple sports
and lost of play. Next, the specializing years are between approximately 12 and 14 where there
is more focus on deliberate practice, but it is balanced with deliberate play. Next are the
investment years where there is lots of focus on one sport and lots of deliberate practice. After 17
years this model demonstrated that there is a probable outcome of elite performance. This
pathway to elite performance demonstrates that early specialization may not be ideal as it can
lead to elite performance with lower rates of dropout, burnout and injury and more enjoyment.
Also, it does not require the accumulation of 10 000 hours of deliberate practice in a single sport,
but between 3000 and 4000 hours in the intended sport, but 10 000 hours of accumulated
deliberate practice in multiple sports.
Describe how neural plasticity and myelin plasticity are related to deliberate practice. --
PRECISE ANSWER-- Neural plasticity describes the modern view of the brain and how it
develops throughout our lifetime. As we grow and learn neural connections are formed from
our experiences. Myelin is a sheath that forms around axons increasing the speed and
synchronisation of their firing. The more myelin that forms (developed by neurons
continuously firing in the same pattern) the fast, stronger and more in time the neurons will fire.
As movement patterns are repeatedly performed neuronal connections to facilitate the
movement pattern will develop. Deliberate practice, as it is characterized by repetition and
error correction, causes nerves to wire together to make the movements more fluent, stronger
and faster.
